Scientific Revolution as Foundation for the European Science Argumentative Essay

One of the generally established positions considering the scientific revolution of the XVII century is that the European science (primarily related to the classical natural sciences) originated from it. It is interesting that it emerged at once in the interrelation of all components: theoretical knowledge, its rationale and mathematical description, experimental testing, social structure with network of scientific communication and public application. Among the phrases that can best show the way of thinking that started acting at that time, there is one William Gilbert wrote in his Preface: â€Å"LIFE is a Chemical Process: In that of every Individual there has been some new material thrown in, or a new mode has been adopted, of conducting the process; the result is always interesting; for the subject of the experiment is Man† (Gilbert 1). When analyzing this period, the main focus usually lies on the relationship between cognitive, social and psychological factors of the formation process of the new science, its difference from what might be called not science. The sources for the subject study were first published works of creators of the natural sciences, humanities and technical direction of the new time from Francis Bacon, Descartes, Galileo Galilei to Newton. If we consider the geography of the period, we will see that it involves a lot of European countries and cities, but is it possible to distinguish Italy at the beginning and Britain at the end as major research centers. This period of time has also specific criterion of periodization associated with understanding of the phenomenon of the scientific revolution. Three stages can be singled out. The first, related primarily to the activities of Galileo the formation of a new scientific paradigm, the second with Descartes the formation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the new science, and the third with Newton completion of the new scientific paradigm the beginning of the modern science. A large number of works of different character were devoted to the development of science in the XVII century: multi-volume works of Galileo, Descartes, Leibniz, Newton, detailed biographies, correspondences, historical research of natural science, philosophical and sociological character. While not everyone agrees with the definition of scientific revolution, first introduced in 1939 by A. Koyrà © and subsequently used successfully by T. Kuhn, but all agree that it was in the XVII century when science was established the classical science of the modern type. In this regard, the XVII century as a complete historical phenomenon is extremely important for understanding the genesis and the present state of science. It further results in what Descartes wrote in his work: â€Å"And thereby make ourselves, as it were, the lords and masters of nature† (Descartes 44) The basis for the new type of world view, the new science was laid by Galileo. He began to create it as a mathematical and experimental science. The starting point was the argument that for clear judgments formation about the nature, scientists have to regard only objective properties – those that can be measured accurately, while properties available just for perception should be ignored as subjective and ephemeral. Only through quantitative analysis of science it is possible to get the right knowledge about the world. In order to go deeper into the mathematical laws and understand the true sense of nature, Galileo perfected and invented a lot of technical equipment lenses, telescopes, microscopes, magnet, air thermometer, barometer, etc. The use of these devices gave empiricism new dimension unknown to the Greeks. Former scholastic deductive thinking about the universe had to give way to its experimental study to comprehend its existing impersonal mathematical laws. Galileo found a scientific point of contact between inductive and deductive methods of the nature study, making it possible to link the scientific thinking, impossible without abstraction and idealization, with a particular perception of the phenomena and processes of nature. Galileo discoveries in mechanics play a very important role for the modern science, because with completely new categories and new methodology, he decided to destroy the dogmatic construction dominant in the Aristotelian scholastic physics, based on superficial observations and speculative calculations, overflowing with teleological notions of motion of things in accordance with their nature and the aim of the natural and violent movements of the natural heaviness and lightness of bodies, perfection of circular motion as compared to straight, etc. Based on the criticism of Aristotelian physics, Galileo created his program of science building. Galileo developed dynamics the science of the motion of bodies under the influence of the applied forces. He formulated the first laws of the free fall of bodies, gave a strict definition of the concept of speed and acceleration, realized the critical properties of the motion of bodies, which later was called inertia. His ideas on the relativity of motion were very valuable. Philosophical and methodological importance of the laws of mechanics discovered by Galileo was huge, because for the first time in the history of human thought the concept of natural law in the modern sense was formulated. Galileos laws of motion together with his astronomical discoveries led up the physical basis to the Copernican theory, which its creator himself did not have yet. Heliocentric doctrine was becoming a theory from the hypothesis. Newton was the one to complete the Copernican revolution. He proved the existence of gravity as a universal force – the one that makes rocks fall to the Earth and is the cause of the closed orbit of the planets revolving around the sun. Newton’s merit was also the fact that he united the mechanistic philosophy of Descartes, Keplers laws of planetary motion and Galileos law of motion of the Earth, bringing them into a comprehensive theory. After a series of mathematical discoveries, Newton draw a conclusion: for the planets to be held on stable orbits with respective velocities and at appropriate distances, determined by the Keplers third law, a certain force should be drawing them to the Sun, which is inversely proportional to the square of distance from the Sun. Bodies falling on the Earth are also subject to this law (it is not only about stones, but also the moon both terrestrial and celestial phenomena). Moreover, on the basis of this law Newton mathematically dedu ced the elliptical form of the planetary orbits and change in their speeds, following the definitions of the first and the second laws of Kepler (Huff 157). A response was obtained to the most important cosmological issues that supporters of Copernicus faced – what causes the motion of the planets, how they manage to keep within their orbits, and why heavy objects fall to the Earth. The dispute about the structure of the universe and the relationship between celestial and terrestrial was settled. Copernican hypothesis generated a need for a new, comprehensive and independent cosmology and now it was found. With the help of the three laws of motion (the law of inertia, law of acceleration and the law of equal and opposite reaction) and the law of universal gravitation Newton not only formed the scientific foundation for Keplers laws, but also explained the tides, orbits of comets, the trajectory of cannonballs and other projectiles. All the known phenomena of celestial and terrestrial mechanics were then brought under a single set of physical laws. Confirmation for the views of Descartes, who believed that nature was perfectly ordered mechanism obeying to the mathematical laws, was found. The main achievement of the scientific revolution was the collapse of the medieval picture of the antique world and the emergence of new traits of the worldview that allowed for creation of the modern science. Natural science ideology foundation was made by the following notions and approaches: naturalism the idea of ​​self-sufficiency of nature, driven by natural, objective laws; mechanism view of the world as a machine consisting of elements of varying degrees of importance and generality, the rejection of previously dominant symbolic and hierarchical approach that represented each item in the world as an organic part of the holistic being; quantitativity a universal method of quantitative comparison and evaluation of all the objects and phenomena in the world, the rejection of the quality of thinking of antiquity and the Middle Ages; causal automatism a rigid determination of all phenomena and processes in the world with natural reasons that can be described by t he laws of mechanics ; analytism – origin of the analytical work over synthetic in thinking of scientists, non-abstract speculations characteristic of antiquity and the Middle Ages; geometrism approval of an infinite homogeneous picture, describing the geometry of Euclid and managed by unified cosmic laws of the universe (Osler 28). The second most important result of the scientific revolution was the connection of speculative natural philosophy traditions of antiquity and medieval science and craft and technical activities with industry. Another result of the scientific revolution was the adoption of the hypothetico-deductive method of learning. The basis of this method is the core of the modern science, forming a logical conclusion of the accepted hypotheses and their subsequent empirical verification. Overall, the main conclusions of the scientific revolution can be summarized in the following way: Old Space was outdated and destroyed; the new picture of the world was formed, replacing the old cosmos, which was more or less like a huge clock it had nothing alive and indefinite and, it seemed, that everything could be calculated (Kepler’s determinism). Science found its mechanisms and procedures for the construction of theoretical knowledge, and self-test, its language, especially in its mathematical form, which became the flesh of the method. Science became a social system its own professional organizations were founded, as well as print media, the whole infrastructure (including special tools). Specific rules and codes of conduct, channels of communication were also created. Through distribution of scientific principles, science becomes a powerful intellectual force a school of correct thinking affecting specific processes in a variety of forms. Growing out of mysticis m, science was gradually overcoming it. Works Cited Descartes. Discourse on Method in Discourse on Method and Related Writings. Trans. Desmond M. Clarke. New York: Penguin edition, 1999. Print. Gilbert, William. â€Å"Preface.† Williamgilbert.com. n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. Huff, Toby E. Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution: A Global Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print. Osler, Margaret J. Rethinking the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Print.

Ancient Historians Sima Qian

American History Exam - 1824 Words

Exam One Arguably the most influential monarch of the Colonial Era, King George the Third reigned England and colonial America from 1760 to 1820. His influence was held mostly over the colony of Massachusetts. He authorized his most influential Prime Minister, George Grenville (1763-1765), to carry out atrocious acts such as the Sugar and Quartering Acts of 1764 and 1765, as well as the unforgettable Stamp Act of 1766. King George III and Grenville are also responsible for the tax left on tea, inevitably leading up to the Boston Tea Party. The colonies of Massachusetts and New York were afflicted most heavily in that these are where the biggest ports and largest trade hubs were located. The colonists became outraged at the unfairness of these Acts, coining the phrase â€Å"Taxation without Representation† which is still famous to this day. These Acts are some of the first major steps leading up to the American Revolution, starting with the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, and th e beginnings of Independent American government, shown with the Albany Congress in response to the Royal Proclamation of 1763.They mainly influence my future vocation by introducing the dependency upon coffee. This introduced a highly caffeinated drink, which is used to ease ADD and ADHD patients. People may have noticed the change back then, and began searching for other ways to â€Å"fix† mentally and otherwise emotionally unstable/challenged people. A couple of prominent Generals in the Continental Army wereShow MoreRelatedAmerican History Unit 12 Exam Review Essay examples2387 Words   |  10 PagesAmerican History Exam Review Unit 12 1. Name the empires that were located in America before the arrival of Europeans. The Inca, the Olmec, the Maya, the Aztec, the Moundbuilders, the Iroquois, the Five Civilized Tribes. 2. 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United States Efforts To Combat Domestic Counter Terrorism Free Essays

The threat of terrorism has become real since the 9/11 attacks in the US. The government as well as the international community has joined efforts in order to combat the ever present terror attacks mainly targeting America. Although there have not been other terrorist attacks in the US soil since the 9/11 attacks, the fact that, terrorists continue to threaten and in fact other US interests outside the US remains as clear pointer to the fact that, terrorism is a real threat to the US and therefore warrants measures against protecting every American’s right to fundamental freedoms guaranteed under law. We will write a custom essay sample on United States Efforts To Combat Domestic Counter Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terrorist activities recently targeting the US allies and foreign interests include attacks in Kenya, Morocco, Pakistan, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen and Tunisia. The above calls for tough and effective anti terrorism laws to curb the evil. It is against that background that, US has taken considerable measures to combat the evil both domestically and internationally. For the purpose of this, paper, attention will be given to domestic measures aimed at curbing terrorism and only touch a little bit on international terrorism. International measures have included the capacity building programs being initiated by the US in its allies by giving incentives such as training military on the effective military combats styles as well as increasing of satellite surveillance as well as use of communication technology to track and disrupt the activities of the terrorist and carry out preemptive attacks on their bases if suspected to be planning and attack (Abuza, Zachary,2005). On top of that, according to , combating terrorist requires a coordinated activity. The first step involves the use of al means in order to deny the terrorists the chance of committing the crime in other words decapacitating them, this is possible through number of ways which include, cutting arms supply, denying terrorists access to arms and other weaponry which would be harmful if left in the reach of the terrorists and improved security checks in all vulnerable areas such as airports all aimed at lessening the probability of terrorists successfully attacking the US. One can not forget the role on good governance for in some cases the activities of terrorism have happen just because a government official serving in a major security installation such as in the airports or immigration department s failed to execute their duties properly (Acquaviva, Mike, 1989) The US has in measure aimed at improving its home security passed several antiterrorism bills all of which have in one way or another contributed to the interruption of terrorist activities therefore lessening the chances of terrorist attacks in the US. In a bid to protect its citizens and sovereignty America enforced many measures including military operations in places deemed to harbor terrorist activities or are at least sympathetic to terrorist activities. The constitution of America empowers the president through congress to intervene in cases where the country comes under security threat using all means under his/her discretion. It is against this back ground that, the US has taken measures which not all agree to have nevertheless helped to reduce the incidence of attacks. Such measures have included the empowerment of all security institutions such as the FBI and the CIA, to play a bigger role in the hunt and elimination of terrorists and their activities, increasing military expenditure as well as security budget to facilitate programs aimed at combating terrorism. Other activities have included the passing of laws aimed at confiscating property suspected to originate or be ended to terrorist cells or allies. Other key measures aimed at combating the crime involve the passing a bill which empowers key security agencies to intercept communications deemed suspicious and likely to enhance terrorist activities. Other measure have include the coding of the US security levels to also alert the people of America when ever a threat of attacks is deemed inevitable as well as when it is considered relatively safe. Also the US has introduced the concept of travel advisories which although they do not apply domestically are key in protecting the Americans against the thereat of attacks. Other than the methods used, it does not occur there were other alternatives since, the present measures have succeeded in making the US a better place. It is notable that, there has been numerous attempts by the terrorists groups to hit US again possibly to commemorate the September 11 attacks but all have been thwarted or intercepted and if they happen it has been in a small magnitude. Although critiques have argued that, the measures taken by US has increased anti-Americanism especially form Islamic countries, the fact is that, the terrorist are determined to attack US and considers such as achievements. This calls for no less than radical measures aimed at maintaining the security of Americans. In the fight against terrorism, the US has not been alone for it has received all manner of support from its key ally Britain as well as from the UN which helped pass some of the international amendments aimed at curbing the threat and danger of terrorism (Abuza, Zachary,2003). In all regions of the work the US has key partners’ and allies who allow it to operate form the solids in the endeavor to reduce the efficiency of the terrorist. From Africa to Asia, and Far East, the US collaborates with key countries through sharing of intelligence, use of countries facilities, to launch activities as well passing anti-terrorism legislations which are deemed crucial in deterring terrorists. On the other hand the US benefits form these ties in that the countries can arrest suspects wanted in connection with terrorism and them to US for interrogation and trial especially those wanted in connection to the September attacks. Just like all other well intentioned struggles, the combat against domestic terrorism will need the right environment in order to be successful as well as to achieve is objectives. In a nutshell the following are the most immediate needs and changes which may result into a fight with a well guided mission and vision, one which will meet the expectations of the people of America. Firstly, the issue of good PR will need to be emphasized a lot and it needs to be highlighted in all departments and institutions dealing with terrorism. Although the US military has done much efforts to meet this, goal, it is has not been sustained and maintained in that, some organs of the government seem to be comfortable with the progress so far. Far form the truth, there is need to ensure that, every move from the government aimed at countering the threats of terrorism as well as all others aimed at influencing major international partners as well as world bodies such as the UN are not misrepresented or misinterpreted by the public. Against the background of the Iraq war which has resulted into enormous life losses to the Americans, it is easy for people to lose the zeal for the fight and start opposing it. This happens due to poor communication as well as poor PR skills. Therefore the role of communication and PR in this war against domestic terrorism needs to be speeded up in order to ensure that; throughout all campaigns the government has the blessing of the masses. The other challenge in the combat against domestic tourism comes in the form of opposition to legislations or bills aimed at solving the problem of terrorism. When ever a senator or any member of the congress brings up a motion on terrorism fighting, there is a need for all the congress men to put aside all their political ideological differences to back such law because its touches the whole American society. Lastly, the challenge of people withholding crucial information from the law enforcement agents is a matter of grave concern. Usually, terrorists live among the people that they plan to attack. In that case, those who live near the terrorists and shield them from the law enforcer are obliviously on the wrong. The public should be more involved and actually share any crucial information with the police. By hunting down for terrorist in the mountains, jungles and seas, by attacking those who collaborated with the terrorist to attack it, the act of the US in regard to terrorism can not be regarded to as being overreaction. Simply put, there was no other way of doing it, the US had lost close to $100 billion in terms of economic damages as a result of terrorists activities of the recent past. Against such a background, the activities and efforts of the US to combat domestic tourism can be termed only as fair and justified for failure to act would and can lead to further attack hence more losses. This can also significantly affect the world order as the US is looked up on by many vulnerable countries to offer protection in cases of external aggression on their sovereignty as it did in the case o Kuwait. How to cite United States Efforts To Combat Domestic Counter Terrorism, Papers

Carbohydrates (785 words) Essay Example For Students

Carbohydrates (785 words) Essay CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are present in sugars, starch, acids, and in many other nutrientsthat consist elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Having a ratio of 1: 2: 1or written as CH20. A monosaccharide meaning monomer of sugar is asimple carbohydrate. Containing backbone of five carbon atoms thatare present in ribose and deoxyribose, components of RNA and DNA. Glucose a sixcarbon atom that is common cellulose, starch, and glycogen are classified aspolysaccharide, Known as a complex carbohydrate, with straight orbranched chains of many sugar monomers. These categories of carbohydrates aretested in two laboratory experiments. It will allow us (my partner and I) todetect the presence of sugar or starch. The first test, using two differentsolutions to expose the presence of sugar or starch by color alteration. Ihypothesize that both samples of the experiment will result differently in orderto pursue the next test. The second test consists of 9 food items, identifyingthe appearance of sugar or starch. I guess in identifying 75% out of the 9 itemsright. Conducting both experiments will test my hypotheses either right orwrong. The first experiment on simple and complex carbohydrates,several tools and liquids were obtained: two test tubes, spot plate, test tubeholder, benedicts reagent, lugols iodine, 10% karo syrup solution, 1% starchsolution. In a test tube (holding it with a test tube holder,) my partner fills1 cm from the bottom of 10% karo syrup solution. With the benedicts reagent Igently add four drops, then quickly placed the tube in 98 degrees of boilingwater, at 3:17p.m. While waiting for 3 minutes, we noticed that before placingthe tube in the boiling water, the benedict reagent in the 10% karo syrup wasblue. After heating, we observed at 3:20 p.m. that the benedict solutionactivated and turned yellow. Which meant that sugar (simple carbohydrate) waspresent in the karo syrup. A different procedure was conducted to test starch. Using a spot plate, 1% of starch (about 4 drops) was placed into the well spot. Then two drops of lugols iodine was added. It generated a dark purple colorwith immediate contact with the iodine. The results for this experiment meantthat lugols iodine would test purple, positive for complex carbohydrate andyellow for simple carbohydrates. Both samples of the experiment resulteddifferently agreeing with my hypotheses. With the color alteration of benedictreagent and lugols iodine, my partner and I was ready to test sugar andstarch on the 9 food items. Know will test the 9 items, to state weather starchor sugar is present. I made a prediction that 75% of the items would beidentified correctly. The experiment consist of: apple juice, potato juice, saltwater, baking powder solution, baking soda solution, ozorka flavored water,powdered sugar solution, clearly Canadian flavored water, vinegar, benedictsreagent, lugols iodine, wax pencil, and 18 test tubes. My partner numberedthe test tubes, having two sets from 1 through 9. He filled one set while Ifilled the other, bo th with food solution about, 1 cm from the bottom of thetest tubes. After filling the tubes, we placed 5 drops of benedicts reagent onone set, then placing them in boiling water at about 98 degrees for five minutes(3:40 p.m.). Within the five minutes, I placed three drops of lugols iodineon the second set (3:42 p.m.). We shook the tubes, then resting them for 3minutes. At 3:45 p.m., my partner took out the benedict set, and we started torecord our result as we also recorded the lugols iodine. We both had amazingoutputs; I resulted on having 6 items accurately correct out of the 9. Bakingsoda solution and vinegar failed both the benedict and lugols iodine fluids,appearing negative results for sugar and starch. I predicted that Salt waterwould show starch therefore it appeared negative. Vinegar has an acidicelements, that are naturally fermented by which bacterium (prokaryotic) gothrough, an anaerobic cycle. Baking soda is a sodium bicarbonate, it isnaturally occurring in the form of an ore called torna. It releases more OH ,which it has a pH above 7. Salt is a sodium chloride, also with a pH numbergreater than 7. For these reasons, my estimation was not accurate. Some of theitems were organic fluids, processed powders, and flavored water, which containeither starches or/and sugars. The categories of carbohydrates were tested intwo laboratory experiments. It allowed my partner and I to detect the presenceof sugar and starch with indicators, (benedicts reagent and lugolsiodine). The test results indicated that certain Items were composed of carbon,containing substances that include lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Otheritems were composed of non- carbon such as water, calcium, sodium, magnesium,and other elements. For future experiments, this lab will help explain the causeand effect of any living structure.

The Performance free essay sample

Step One: Prepare. The strong yet whimsical force of a simple port de bras, or the power with which a dancer delivers an entire performance, begins with the dedication of the dancer to commit countless hours practicing, learning, observing, trying, failing, succeeding, and preparing. My parents entered me in a dance academy as early as age three, where I spent every Saturday afternoon learning the first five positions and how to do a grand jete. By the age of around 7, I grew an overwhelming passion for dance. Saturday afternoon classes turned into Thursday/Friday/Saturday classes, and soon I was at a competitive studio developing my technique nearly every day of the week. I struggled for some time with feeling I wasn’t a good enough dancer. The competitive atmosphere lead me to have moments of low self-esteem and doubt. In class I wasn’t the girl with the perfect turnout nor could I do ten continuous pirouettes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Performance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, for every performance my class did, I found myself front and center. I later discovered that what my instructor saw in me as a dancer was something much more forceful than mere technique. Although I had ‘a nice pointe, and legs which extended my height by five miles’, I also delivered every dance piece with true desire and inspiration which bled through every arabesque and battement. Step Two: Warm Up. 2008 was a bad year. My parents dominated the High School process. They came to a decision, and their first choice school was my last. That year, I struggled with rebellion. I was angry that such a significant part of my life had been decided for me. Dance became backseat to school for my parents, once my grades began to show. I lost motivation and found myself surrounded with people who had lost theirs as well. I was naive and felt as though my world had ended. I felt no need to try, and as time passed I began to lose everything. My parents took me out of dance. The passion which once fueled me to at least endure the six hour school day, looking forward to the five hour dance day afterwards, was gone. My grades were dirt, and so did become my reputation. I was in a hole which only made itself deeper with every report card. I embraced every negative situation. One extremely rainy May afternoon, I had to walk home from school. I took the shortcut passing downtown p rovidence, my favorite area. I got a little lost, but despite the downpour, I didn’t mind spending some extra time in the scenic area. Fifteen minutes later I was still walking, but slowed my pace as I approached PPAC (Providence Performing Arts Center). I saw on the window an announcement for an upcoming event. â€Å"The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater† was bringing its dancers to this stage to perform. I literally felt warmth from the passion I had lost, returning into my shivering body. When I returned home, I sat in my room for hours with my re-found inspiration, and became more and more absorbed with every minute spent. In that time I came to a realization. Dance is my warm up for life. Instead of having rebelled, I should have faced every negative instance I had been dealing with in high school with the grace and strength of the dancer that I was. I knew what it was to sacrifice time, to endure sweat and tears, to dedicate countless amounts of effort to reach a desired goal. The morals I learned in the studio, behind ballet bars and in front of mirrors, were the same I had to apply to reach my maximum potential in school and in life. Step Three: Approach the stage with confidence and grace. That year I finally became balanced. I continued to grow as a dancer, and strengthened my role as a student. I presented myself with assurance and used difficult situations as warm-ups for things that still lay ahead. I watched my accomplishments stack up and account for the opportunities I had lost during my lower times. I stopped regretting my period of self-destruction, because those moments are what lead me to so strongly implement the art of dance into my daily life. I now have a vision for the future. Every effort I make is working towards my prize goal, acceptance to Fordham University/Alvin Ailey BFA program. Step four: Deliver a unique, unforgettable and heartfelt performance which inspires the audience to connect with their inner artist. Having to persevere my way through a great fall has built me into a strong, dedicated dancer and student. The details of my life provide a lesson that is my own, and have given me a place from which to grasp wisdom. Seeing my life from a negative place gave me the understanding perspective to share with others the importance of finding a source of motivation and passion in their lives.

Using the Scoring Rubric and Sample Student Answers As Your Scoring Guideline

Using the Scoring Rubric and Sample Student Answers As Your Scoring GuidelineAs a new teacher, the first thing you will notice when it comes to using the scoring rubric and sample student answers as your scoring guideline is that not all questions will go the same way. In this way, you need to make sure you have an answer sheet for each question you ask, and you have to understand how the problems are assigned. In this way, you will not waste time answering each question on the sheet you created yourself and may just be too lazy to find a paper and pen and start to write the answers.You will need to also keep in mind that your curriculum is different from another. Most of your students are taught differently, and they will all learn at different paces. This means that you will need to understand how these differences will affect the type of questions that are asked.Because of these differences, you will need to get used to not only writing the questions but also the grading rubric th at is needed to show your students their grades. It is easy to be confused about how you should handle the grading rubric and sample student answers as your scoring guideline. However, if you keep these things in mind, then you will not have any trouble with them.First, make sure you are making good grades in the tests and assignments. The answer sheet that you create and grade should not only contain test-able student answers but also include samples. It will help if you are able to compare the student responses to the topics that are being discussed, so that you can get an idea of which question was answered correctly. After all, if students are able to understand the topic of the assignment well, they will also be able to focus and learn more.Make sure that the student answers are not just basic and boring, as that will make it harder for you to grade the test and assignment. Your students do not want to simply write answers that are boring. They want to write answers that are th oughtful and helpful, as that will make their lesson stronger. Remember, though, that these sample answers should not be as close to the actual problems as possible.When it comes to the scoring rubric, you should make sure you understand all the different sections that are needed to grade a test or assignment. One important section of the rubric is the question section, where you will have to write the test answers that have been submitted for the test. When you are using the scoring rubric and sample student answers as your scoring guideline, make sure you consider that part, too.Remember, though, that you should consider using the scoring rubric and sample student answers as your scoring guideline because this will help you to create questions that will not be too difficult for your students. This will also make it easier for you to grade their test and assignments, as well as grading the test and assignment in general.