Accounting Essays Tax Evasion Popularity Essay Example

Bookkeeping Essays Tax Evasion Popularity Essay Duty quibble is a national intrigue that is turning ever increasingly mainstream. Scratch Montague characterizes income improvement as the offices by which an edified society plays out that occasionally uncivil endeavor of taking cash from one gathering so as to offer it to another. This definition features an of import aim served by income improvements. As it is now known, that income upgrades are a money related arrangement instrument utilized by the specialists to achieve wide macroeconomic finishes. All around talking, income upgrades are an offices utilized by the specialists to gracefully its inhabitants with comfortss and establishments like hospitals, wellbeing and guidance. In this way, any shortfall in net implies that the individuals would nt have the option to profit the advantages. From this situation, as perceptive residents, it is basic for individuals and enterprises to pay income upgrades. Regardless of, this basic cognizance, income improvement prevarication is winning in the general public, far and away more terrible, people and enterprises expe rience incredible length to develop strategies of supporting income upgrades. The main ground why people and organizations take part in income improvement evasion exercises is that it builds the level of discretionary cashflow and total compensations severally. We will compose a custom article test on Accounting Essays Tax Evasion Popularity explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Accounting Essays Tax Evasion Popularity explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Accounting Essays Tax Evasion Popularity explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Duty evasion is characterized as the inability to run into income improvement liabilities by unlawful activity, for example, non announcing pay. Acerate leaf to state income improvement prevarication is a condemnable offense. Before get bringing down a treatment on income upgrade evasion it is key to quickly high recognize that in the UK, income improvement removal is isolated between two areas of territory, the Inland Revenue and Customs and Excise. The Inland Revenue manages Income Tax, Corporation Tax ( on organization overall gains ) , Capital Gains Tax, unrefined petroleum income improvement ( partner to oil geographic undertaking and extraction in the UK and environing Waterss ) and Stamp Duties ( for example ashore minutess ) . The requiring of VAT, income upgrade on gaming and imposts and extract obligations is the obligation of the Customss and Excise Department. In add-on to these two gross segments, neighborhood governments demand the new Community Charge ( survey income u pgrade ) and the Department of Social Security is answerable for national protection parts. Regularly income improvement prevarication is mistaken for income upgrade dismissing. Orchestrating to Denis Healey, previous UK Chancellor of the Exchequer:The contrast between income upgrade dismissing and income improvement evasion is the hickness of a jail divider. This paper will take to show a top to bottom examination of why people/organizations take part in income improvement evasion. It will other than break down whether the self-evaluation framework empowers or demoralizes income upgrade prevarication. Also, in the end the paper will reason by estimating the endeavors made by the specialists to fight income improvement evasion. It must be featured that income improvement is utilized for some different expectations than raising gross. A few creators have contended that the aim of income improvement can other than be viewed as an instrument of monetary and cultural arrangement to follow up on conduct. At the end of the day, it can henceforth be the reason for the income improvement that it is maintained a strategic distance from. For representation, it has been contended that higher income upgrades on mixed beverages ( Cook and Moore, 1994, Irving and Sims, 1993 ) and baccy ( Viscusi, 1994 ) would chop down the ingestion of those stocks and lead to advancements in the health of the populace. In the UK, Inland Revenue has, customarily, had a regardful assault towards salary. With the presentation of self-appraisal framework from 1996/7 there has been a movement off from that position in late mature ages. Avoidance of income upgrades Duty evasion investigation regularly expect that prevarication includes single citizens responding to some given strategies. In any case, supporting income upgrades could require the coaction of in any event two citizens. Recognition relies upon the beyond a reasonable doubt won dismissing exercises of both executing life partners. An expansion in faces prompts an immediate expansion in the normal expense of a managing in the illicit segment, yet it might other than increment the incitement for the mates to work together in abstaining from detecting. The whole expense of executing in the unlawful division can fall, and income improvement prevarication may increment. Most states will in general follow a dynamic income improvement framework, more the pay more income upgrade would be demanded. From this position it may look that it is low for the specialists to force more income upgrades on people/organizations for bring forthing more salary for the monetary framework and themselves. No netheless, it must be a praised that in add-on to climbing the monetary framework, it is specialists s obligation to accept about financial turn of events and open help of everybody. They need to equilibrate financial developing and monetary turn of events. This build has been discussed and the perspective of shamefulness of the income improvement framework has driven gatherings to support them, at the end of the day, identifying ways and offices of non taking care of the obligations to the specialists. Examination surveies directed to occur out the degree of the UK bootleg market financial framework demonstrate that it has expanded. The figure of unincorporated concern chronicles and friends narratives got yearly by the Inland Revenue have expanded from 2m to 2.25 million and from under 600,000 to around 700,000 severally between 1984/85 and 1988/89 completely ( Inland Revenue, 131st Annual Report, 1989 ) . Surveies directed by Brown, Levin, Rosa and Ulph ( 1984 ) inferred that around 5 % of laborers in Britain held at least two occupations and that the salary income improvement lost from second occupation income upgrade prevarication likely added up to around 1.1 % of pay income upgrade grosss or 0.3 % of national pay. Their investigation barred quibble by people who have only one occupation ( which incorporates large Numberss of the inner self utilized ) , Capital Gains Tax and VAT evasion, and prevarication of income upgrade by organizations. Because of disheartening individuals from indicting in income upgrade quibble, Inland Revenue presented the self-appraisal framework, actually simply, is a way of working out and paying income improvement. As required by the Inland Revenue ( IR ) , independent individuals, organization administrators, minister of confidence are required to make full up the self-appraisal signifier at the terminal of each income upgrade twelvemonth. Supporting paperss are given to do it simpler to the individuals to make full up the signifier and submit it. With the improvement in building, IR offers concern administrations for bosses, people, contractual workers, organizations and specialists, choice to make full up the signifiers on the web, which guarantees programmed income upgrade calculation, snappier discount, and online acknowledgment which is sheltered and unafraid. Along these lines, IR is taking any chance of complain and introducing the accommodation factor to do individuals follow with th e income upgrade requests. Numerous undertakings have been taken to fight income upgrade quibble. In the UK, for case, endeavors are being made to expand co-activity between the Inland Revenue and Customs and Excise. This has included joint strategy crowd and improvements in trading data. One impossible to miss endeavor has been to set up a joint unit to flexibly an individual start of data and guidance for concerns defying financial difficulties and who wish to come in into intentional understandings. A measure thusly has been that of the European Union Savings Directive. It intends to counter cross limit line income upgrade prevarication by roll uping and exchanging data about remote occupant people having savings pay outside their inhabitant territory. The Government accepts that trade of data between income upgrade governments is the best way to ensure that people pay the correct entirety of income improvement on cross-fringe pay from retirement funds. The Government in this way bolsters the Directive, a definitive motivation behind which is viable income upgrade by trade of data. The above is a significant measure towards reducing quibble of income upgrade. The above high spots the significance of transparence in chronicles and advantages of sharing data over the states. Presenting VAT was other than an exertion towards income upgrade harmonization and doing it all the more difficult for organizations to fence income improvement. The ongoing soils of Enron and Parmalat have featured the significance of holding transparence. Tank was acquainted with fight cheating, pirating and downplay income improvement prevarication. A similar standard was behind fitting VAT in the EU one of the focal points was the constrained opportunities for extortion in the flexibly connection. In any case, it was discovered that VAT framework was utilized to reliably exploit income upgrade removals. Notwithstanding the endeavors made to downplay income upgrade quibble, fraudsters have distinguished the worked in failings that exist in the controls practiced and have been working those failings for their ain monetary expansion. It was discovered that with the introduction of the VAT and intrastate framework, similarity costs had been decreased by abo

Why Evolution is True Book Review Sample

Why Evolution is True Book Review Sample Why Evolution is True Book Review Example Why Evolution is True Book Review Example Since the commencement, researchers and scholars made various endeavors to determine the puzzle of the starting point of life. Obviously, advancement has become a state of worry for some logical and scholastic controls. Simultaneously, advancement can be seen as an issue of morals and reasoning. The accompanying examination is a basic reflection on a book by Jerry A. Coyne’s titled Why Evolution Is True. The Book Why Evolution Is True by Jerry A. Coyne In the prologue to his book, Coyne (2009) concedes that no other logical issue â€Å"has caused more interest and fury† than advancement (p. 14). From one viewpoint, uniqueness of the progressions that happen to the species and uniqueness of highlights curious to each single life form harping on Earth can be viewed as the fundamental reasons of ambiguities and errors the issue of advancement can cause (Coyne, 2009, p. 14). Then again, the issue of advancement is crucial in itself one might say that theoretically, it can offer us a response to unceasing inquiries, such what our identity is, the place we originate from, and where we are going. In such manner, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) claims the accompanying: â€Å"Evolution gives us the genuine record of our sources, supplanting the legends that fulfilled us for a huge number of years. Some discover this profoundly alarming, others inexpressibly thrilling† (p. 14). The exploration by Jerry A. Coyne gives a definite knowledge to various methodologies towards understanding the transformative procedures. Consequently, basic thought of the focuses made by the creator of the examination and excusing from the principle thoughts of the exploration can be seen as a methods for better understanding the procedure of advancement in that capacity. Discussing advancement, the issue of how it is being treated by the networks over the world is significant. In this manner, the idea of evolutionism has advanced to indicate a logical propensity of being focused on the hypothesis of development. Charles Darwin is alluded to as the creator of the hypothesis of development. Darwin’s advancement hypothesis sees regular choice as one of the main thrusts of development. The hypothesis of development is against the creationist hypothesis. Creationism, in its turn, concedes the way that the starting point of life and the decent variety of species are only the results of some awesome mediation. Coyne (2009) concedes that advancement â€Å"is undeniably more than a â€Å"theory†, not to mention a hypothesis in crisis† (p. 13). Building up this announcement further, the scientist asserts that â€Å"evolution is a fact† (p. 13). Considering the possibility of advancement as it is comprehended in the cutting edge soci ety, Coyne (2009) concedes the subjectivity of human impression of the developmental procedures it could be said that commonly individuals will in general see the occasions, elements, and marvels through the perspective of their own vision, and advancement makes no special case in this specific case (p. 17). To the extent the relationship between's religion thusly and creationism is concerned, the analyst declares that creationism is just conceivable and bodes well only inside the structure of religion (Coyne, 2009, p.17). In such manner, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) claims that â€Å"enlightened religion has consistently figured out how to oblige the advances of science† (p. 19). Simultaneously, understanding the substance of the developmental procedures may apparently expand our acknowledgment of the living scene and the spot human species takes in it (p. 20). Subsequently, the contention between the creationist hypothesis and the hypothesis of development is, in its turn, portray ed as follows: â€Å"the fight is a piece of more extensive war, a war among discernment and superstition† (p. 13). It is conceivable to accept that the author’s fundamental thought is that reevaluating and investigating the key parts of the hypothesis of development, from one viewpoint, and creationism on the other, is one of the essential errands of current science, morals, and reasoning. In the principal part of his book Why Evolution Is True, titled â€Å"What Is Evolution† Jerry A. Coyne (2009) is reflecting upon development as a logical idea (p. 3). It is significant that the creator concedes both effortlessness of the term ‘evolution’, and logical complexity that portrays it. In particular, Coyne (2009) gives the accompanying clarification of the hypothesis of advancement: Life on earth developed progressively starting with one crude animal groups - maybe a self-repeating atom - that lived more than 3.5 billion years back; it at that point stretched out over tie, losing numerous new and various species; and the component for most (however not all) of transformative change is regular choice (p. 3). To put it more straightforward, the hypothesis of development depends on six key standards, in particular, advancement in that capacity (as the slow and steady evolvement of organic species, including all the potential results of the procedure), â€Å"gradualism, speciation, normal family, regular determination, and nonselective systems of transformative change† (Coyne, 2009, p. 3). By development, for this situation, a hereditary change is likewise inferred (Coyne, 2009, p. 3). The possibility of gradualism delineates that developmental procedures are long-running (Coyne, 2009, p. 4). Decent variety of species, including their unmistakable highlights procured over the span of development, and implausibility of cross-species changes have to do with the principle of speciation (Coyne, 2009, pp. 4-6). The idea of basic parentage needs to do just with the possibility of hereditary recreation of the species effectively wiped out for the motivations behind disambiguating the diachr onic interspecies connections (Coyne, 2009, p. 8). Common choice, while being an absolutely materialistic procedure, is tended to as one of the main thrusts of the transformative procedure. Simultaneously, characteristic determination is considered as a part of Darwin’s most prominent â€Å"intellectual achievements† inside the system of the hypothesis of advancement, being recognized additionally as the procedure that â€Å"doesn’t require creation or direction by otherworldly forces† (Coyne, 2009, pp. 10-11). Thinking about the embodiment of hypothesis all things considered, Coyne (2009) comes to the accompanying end result: â€Å"For a hypothesis to be viewed as logical, it must be testable and make evident predictions† (p. 16). Affirming the honesty of the hypothesis of development, Jerry A. Coyne gives the accompanying confirmations. As a matter of first importance, the nearness of fossil survives from antiquated life; the analyst attests the need of speciation in the fossil record, just as the investigation of connection between the species that are probably going to have regular parentage; contemplating the hereditary varieties of characteristics of organic species; record of defect as a property of developmental change; viewing the manners in which procedures of normal choice show themselves in the wild (Coyne, 2009, pp. 18-19). Taking every one of these perspectives into thought, the creator of the examination noticed that the hypothesis of development is by all methods hone st. In the second section of the book Why Evolution Is True, titled â€Å"Written in the Rocks†, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) investigates the job of the fossil record in the hereditary recreation of species for the motivations behind contemplating the diachronic interspecies connections. It is deserving of note that the job of fossil record inside the system of hereditary remaking of species for the reasons for considering the diachronic interspecies connections is vital. Be that as it may, the creator of the exploration concedes the deficiency of fossil record (Coyne, 2009, p. 23). In such manner, Coyne (2009) concedes: â€Å"†¦the fossil record gives no proof for the creationist expectation that all species show up unexpectedly and afterward stay unaltered. Rather, types of life show up in the record in developmental grouping, and afterward advance and split† (p. 34). Then again, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) worries upon the significance of considering the fossil record of the purported transitional species, asserting that transitional species have traversed the hole between the living beings over the span of the developmental procedure (p. 36). Building up this announcement further, the specialist expresses that the revelation of transitional structures among fish and creatures of land and water in 2004 turned into a milestone inside the system of the developmental science (Coyne, 2009, p. 38). The connection among fowls and reptiles, as investigated and affirmed by Charles Darwin, has been belittled for quite a while. In actuality, these days it is seen as one of the key contentions for the hypothesis of advancement (Coyne, 2009, p. 43). Toward the finish of the section, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) resumes: â€Å"Darwinism predicts †¦ that new species will be changed adaptations of more established ones. The fossil record adequately affirms this predic tion† (p. 57). In part 3, â€Å"Remnants: Vestiges, Embryos, and Bad Design†, the creator of the exploration investigates the different anatomic signs of the transformative procedures in the living life forms. The part opens with a delightful analogy, clarifying the idea of development. A similitude is a reference to palimpsests, reused original copies composed on material and vellum: an underlying book was scratched off the page, and another one was composed (Coyne, 2009, p 59). In such a manner, as indicated by Coyne (2009), the essential standards of development are working. In particular, life forms are contrasted with the antiquated messages and tended to in the exploration by Coyne as ‘the palimpsests of the developmental history’ (Coyne, 2009, p. 60). In this specific case, the term ‘the palimpsest of the transformative history’ is equivalent to anatomic signs of the developmental procedures in the living life forms. As per Stephen Jay Gould, â€Å"thes

Musicals in the West End Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Musicals in the West End - Essay Example Before introducing any coherent contention, it is inborn to complete a handy keep an eye on the shows as of now running in the West End theaters and those arranged for creation later in the year. As per the London Theater Online by Darren Daglish, there are 23 musicals, 13 comedies, and 11 shows (or straight plays in the event that you like) as of now running. Scientifically, this means 48% musicals, 28% comedies, and 24% show. Now, one may infer that there numerous musicals appears than the other two classes. In any case, there is a rundown of shows arranged for creation this year, including 9 musicals, 11 comedies, and 37 plays: or 16% musicals, 20% comedies, and 64% dramatizations [2]. Obviously, plays despite everything command the performance center time if these insights are anything to pass by. While there might be redundancy of certain musicals, for example, Billy Eliot, Blood Brothers, and Jersey Boys, there is a moderately hardly any number of reiteration of plays. As a mat ter of fact, there are fifteen musicals redundancies with just six rehashed plays. In this manner, it is off base to state that the West End harbors a bigger number of musicals than other sponsored theaters. Be that as it may, one must remember that musicals have moderately long runs than plays. Along these lines, there may not really be a 64% expansion in the quantity of plays. Predominance of musicals Another intriguing measurement is that around 66% of the straight plays as of now appearing or made arrangements for creation appear in financed theaters, with just seven and two musicals. Along these lines, there will associate with 30 musicals, 17 comedies, and 16 straight plays in the business theaters. Surely, this isn't a demonstration of unfortunate rivalry and strength by musicals! Basically, the prevailing idea of musicals in the West End theaters is a discernment as opposed to a self evident truth. To demonstrate this for all intents and purposes, take a stab at getting some information about any indicating musicals in the West End theaters and greater part will make reference to Billy Elliot, Jersey Boys, and The Lion King [3]. The individual may likewise make reference to Cats and Les Mis, and presumably Beauty and the Beast. Additionally, request that the individuals notice a couple of straight plays in similar performance centers would presumably react by naming only a solitary play and include the regular â€Å"some Shakespeare.† This features the colossal intrigue that the general population has for musicals when contrasted with straight plays at all levels, except for genuine dramatic aficionado

What Is an Educated Filipino free essay sample

What is an informed Filipino and what characteristics ought to separate him today? The origination of training and of what an informed man is differs in light of major changes in the subtleties and points of society. In our nation and during this progress stage in our national life, what are the characteristics which an informed man ought to have? Incredible changes have occurred in the idea of our public activity during the most recent forty years. The contact with Americans and their human progress has adjusted our very own significant number social traditions, conventions, and practices, some for the more awful and numerous to improve things. The methods for correspondence have improved and in this manner better understanding exists among the various segments of our nation. Strict opportunity has created strict resistance in our kin. The development of state funded schools and the foundation of popularity based establishments have built up our national cognizance both in quality and in solidarity. We will compose a custom article test on What Is an Educated Filipino or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page With this development in national awareness and national soul among our kin, we witness the relating ascent of another origination of instruction †the preparation of the person for the obligations and benefits of citizenship, for his own bliss and productivity as well as for national assistance and government assistance. In the past times, training involved private concern; presently it is an open capacity, and the state has the obligation as well as it has the privilege too to teach each individual from the network †the old just as the youthful, ladies just as men †to benefit the person as well as for the self-safeguarding and insurance of the State itself. Our cutting edge state funded educational system has been built up as a defend against the inadequacies and risks of a majority rule government and law based establishments. In the light of social changes, we return again to the inquiry: What characteristics ought to separate the informed Filipino of today?

Hull, Cordell

Hull, Cordell Hull, Cordell kôrdel ´ [key], 1871â€"1955, American statesman, b. Overton co. (now Pickett co.), Tenn. Admitted to the bar in 1891, he sat (1893â€"97) in the Tennessee legislature and, after service in the Spanish-American War, was appointed (1903) circuit court judge. He served (1907â€"21, 1923â€"31) in the U.S. House of Representatives, where he was the author of important tax legislation. He was elected (1930) to the U.S. Senate, but resigned (1933) when Franklin Delano Roosevelt named him Secretary of State. Hull placed great emphasis on international economic relations. Through his efforts, pacts were signed with several nations under the Reciprocal Agreements Act (1934), and he fostered the good neighbor policy toward Latin American countries. After World War II broke out in Europe he pushed for aid to the Allies and recommended revision of the Neutrality Act. After U.S. entry into the war, he worked to improve cooperation among the Allies, visiting Moscow in 1943, and back ed the establishment of a world organization to maintain peace. Ill health caused his resignation as Secretary of State in 1944. He was awarded the 1945 Nobel Peace Prize. See his autobiography (1948); biography by J. W. Pratt (2 vol., 1964). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Living standards between Cardiff and Manchester - 825 Words

Living standards between Cardiff and Manchester (Essay Sample) Content: COMPARING LIVING STANDARDS IN CARDIFF AND MANCHESTERNameInstitutionProfessorCourseDateIntroduction The standard of living entails the level of material affluence or the measure of life quality enjoyed by people in a given demographic group or a geographic area. It refers to the level of necessities and material goods, comfort and wealth accessible to a given socioeconomic group in a given geographic region. The living standards involves aspects such as affordability and quality of housing, rate of poverty, availability and quality of employment, cost of services and goods, GDP, health accessibility, infrastructure, availability and quality education and life expectancy to mention but a few. Different cities in the United Kingdom hold different living standards. Drawing from the analysis of employment rate, disposable income, cost of living, rate of poverty and crime and GDP in Cardiff and Manchester, persons dwelling in Cardiff enjoy the best living standards and quality of life.Employment Rate and Disposable IncomeCardiff holds the best quality of living compared to Manchester. According to Coles (2013), the quality of living in Cardiff stands at 0.659 compared to Manchesters 0.585. The quality of living in Cardiff has been boosted by increased employment rate and average earnings. Average earnings for people residing in Cardiff city is higher compared to the earnings of people residing in Manchester. The earnings are boosted by the fact that the city is a centre for white-collar jobs, hence a higher rate of employment in the tourism, media, finance and retail sectors. The rise in the employment rate and average earnings in Cardiff increases the rate of disposable income. Apparently, high disposable income leads to better living standards. According to Babu (2007, p.174), disposable income at a higher level helps in mobilising savings that are useful in the production of more goods and services to the economy. Disposable income faci litates asset creation that in turn instigates better living standards.Cost of LivingThe cost of living in Cardiff is lower compared to the cost of living in Manchester. According to Money Super Market (2014), among major cities in the UK including Manchester, Cardiff holds the lowest cost of living standing at 359 pounds per week. Although there are other sources that states, Waseonline (2014), which is a reliable source also confirms that Cardiff residents hold the lowest living standards of 359 pounds. These costs involve money used on food and drinks, footwear, clothing, health and recreation, transport, household services and goods. Evidently, Cardiff City is blessed with the best quality of life following a constant drop in the rate of unemployment and reduced cost of living.GDPCardiff has a strong GDP compared to Manchester. According to NI (2011, p.70), Manchester ranks the second in comprehensive competitiveness and market share in the United Kingdom. However, as rega rd economic efficiency, Cardiff ranks position one in the UK and position five across the world. Although Manchester takes the lead in economic aggregation with a GDP of 326.22 million dollars per square kilometre, Cardiff takes the second position in economic growth after Newcastle. GDP is a useful measure of living standards and is widely used as an indicator of living standards. GDP is determined by the market value of services and goods produced in a region. Cardiff has the highest economic growth compared to Manchester and it is the fastest developing city in the UK with the highest development in private sector employment. It is estimated that Cardiff would be the third, after London and Nottingham, with the strongest GDP growth by 2017 (Meadwell 2103). The rise in the GDP in Cardiff implies better and quality standards of living.The Rate of Poverty and CrimePoverty and crime rates are higher in Manchester than in Cardiff. A report by the UK police indicated that by the en d of March 2015, the rate of crime in Manchester was higher than the average rate of crime in other cities in the UK. The crime rate in Manchester stands at 106.41 compared to 90.61 in Cardiff (Police UK, 2015). More so, a study carried out in 2014 indicated that Manchester City holds the fourth highest child rate of poverty in the United Kingdom. Nearly half of children, forty-seven percent, live in poverty in Manchester city (Wood 2014]. This is contrary to Cardiff city given the rise in the rate of employment. Given the increased rate of crime and poverty in Manchester, the living standards in the city are poor compared to the living standards in Cardiff.ConclusionLiving standards entails the measure of life quality enjoyed by people in a given demographic group or a geographical area. The analysis depicts that the living standards in Cardiff and Manchester cities are very different. Cardiff holds the lowest living costs, reduced crime and poverty rate, reduced unemployment a nd a strong GDP. Given the increased employment rate and disposable income, lower living costs, reduce poverty and crime rate and a strong GDP, living standards in Cardiff are better compared to living standards in Manchester. In my opinion, people would probably feel sat...

Debates Essay - 685 Words

Before engaging in the debates with Senator Stephen A. Douglas, Lincoln was relatively unknown in the political world and was just beginning his career in politics. Abraham Lincoln’s reputation was just starting to grow, and his life was about to make a drastic change. The Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 were a turning point in Abraham Lincoln’s political career. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; After being nominated to the Illinois legislature, Lincoln gave his famous â€Å"House Divided† speech which caused much grief between the North and the South. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A short while after he was nominated, Lincoln challenged Stephen A. Douglas to a series of debates. Douglas quickly accepted, and named seven sites in Illinois for†¦show more content†¦The majority of the people were for slavery, not against it. This debate proved disappointing for Lincoln and his followers. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At Charleston, Lincoln tried to break away from any radicalism. He didn’t want to be labeled as an abolitionist. In this particular debate, Lincoln showed his support of the Fugitive Slave Law. He said that slavery was protected by the Constitution. The main concern of this debate, as well as the rest of the debates was whether or not the government should ban slavery in the United States, or do the citizens have the democratic right to end slavery. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The fifth debate was held at Galesburg. This debate helped Lincoln regain his confidence. He attacked all of Douglas’ points firmly. He replied to the Kansas problem with inspiration and determination. He wanted to prove to the town of Galesburg that slavery was â€Å"a moral and political wrong.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The next encounter took place in Quincy, Illinois, on Wednesday, October 13, 1858. It focused on personal issues of both speakers, and the differences in speaking techniques, physical appearances, and personalities. Lincoln made sure that he was not assumed to be anShow MoreRelatedThe Debate On The Circus Acts That Were Called The 1st Presidential Debate1658 Words   |  7 Pagesthe circus acts that were called the 1st presidential debate and the vice-presidential debate that aired earlier in the month, my expectations for the 2nd debate were not too high. Unfortunately my even my low expectations were not met and I felt as though there was not a large enough improvement during this debate to have made any difference from the first one. While we saw some improvement in terms of candidate behavior, the rest of the debate was severely lacking in substance. Questions posed byRead MorePolitical Debates Of The United States1272 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical deb ates in the United States, has turned into a constant public dispute, on who is more convincing for the public eye. A political debate refers to a discussion engaging deliberate arguments, that involves opposing viewpoints. 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Such as how to speak clearly, extend my voice and how to pronounce and enunciate clearly so that my voice is vocalized clearly and in a way that is in a way that is very understandable to everyone. Which can be seen on numerous occasions from ballots at the beginning of the year such as â€Å" AST # 1 † which IRead MoreThe Debate On Abortion And Abortion1448 Words   |  6 Pagesthat he give long stretches of his life--nine years or nine months--to sustaining the life of a person who has no special right to demand it† (Thomson). Therefore, establishing the inconsistency in humanity’s morals but also justifying the on-going debate over abortion. Additionally, morals are personal principles and standards that you acquire over a lifetime and everyone’s are very different. Moreover, leading me to believe no matter what is truly right or wrong, at the end of the day everyone willRead MoreThe Abortion Debate Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagesriots, bombings, and fights. According to Jannet Lennelborg, We must find an uncommon ground on this issue.(18). It is clear that these two groups will never join in their ways of thinking. There is too much passion and conflict involved in the debate. What we must do is find a compromise and agree to disagree (18). In the event that, fair for a minute, we could simply stop the finger indicating and verbally abusing, and only listen to what our alleged rivals need to say, we m ay find that bothRead MoreThe Debate Over Abortion3667 Words   |  15 PagesAshley Aguilera Professor M.M. Eskandari Political Science 101 SBCC April 19, 2015 T/R 11:10 Laws vs. The Right to Life The debate over abortion has divided Americans into polarized sides since the Supreme Court’s 7-2 decision in Roe v. Wade on January 22, 1973, where the Court deemed abortion a fundamental right under the United States Constitution. The lawsuit began when Norma McCorvey became pregnant with her third child in 1969 and could not get a legal abortion in Texas. With her attorneysRead MoreThe Philosophical Aspects Of The Abortion Debate1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe philosophical aspects of the abortion debate form two logical arguments, which oppose and support abortion. These arguments are based on what is ethical and the rights of an individual. The view that abortion should be illegal rest on the moral right of the life of a human being at or near conception killing an embryo is unjust since it violates the right to life (Hershenov 129). Therefore, the law should prohibit violation of the right to life. The view that abortion should be legal, generallyRead MoreA Proposal for a Debate Club of a School1431 Words   |  6 PagesKurmitola HIGH SCHOOL Debate Club A BRIEF PROPOSAL FOR OPENING THE CLUB -PREPARED BY- SAYED AHMED PALLAB (EX-STUDENT, 2008) MD. WAHIDUL ALAM (EX-STUDENT, 2008) MAHEDI JINAT (EX-STUDENT, 2008) * * Name: KURMITOLA HIGH SCHOOL DEBATE CLUB (KHS DC) will be the name of the club. It is proposed by us. If there is any problem about the name, the name will decide later. * Why does a school need a debate club? A school is a playground of the students. Here a student can built his career with

Scientific Revolution as Foundation for the European Science Argumentative Essay

One of the generally established positions considering the scientific revolution of the XVII century is that the European science (primarily related to the classical natural sciences) originated from it. It is interesting that it emerged at once in the interrelation of all components: theoretical knowledge, its rationale and mathematical description, experimental testing, social structure with network of scientific communication and public application. Among the phrases that can best show the way of thinking that started acting at that time, there is one William Gilbert wrote in his Preface: â€Å"LIFE is a Chemical Process: In that of every Individual there has been some new material thrown in, or a new mode has been adopted, of conducting the process; the result is always interesting; for the subject of the experiment is Man† (Gilbert 1). When analyzing this period, the main focus usually lies on the relationship between cognitive, social and psychological factors of the formation process of the new science, its difference from what might be called not science. The sources for the subject study were first published works of creators of the natural sciences, humanities and technical direction of the new time from Francis Bacon, Descartes, Galileo Galilei to Newton. If we consider the geography of the period, we will see that it involves a lot of European countries and cities, but is it possible to distinguish Italy at the beginning and Britain at the end as major research centers. This period of time has also specific criterion of periodization associated with understanding of the phenomenon of the scientific revolution. Three stages can be singled out. The first, related primarily to the activities of Galileo the formation of a new scientific paradigm, the second with Descartes the formation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the new science, and the third with Newton completion of the new scientific paradigm the beginning of the modern science. A large number of works of different character were devoted to the development of science in the XVII century: multi-volume works of Galileo, Descartes, Leibniz, Newton, detailed biographies, correspondences, historical research of natural science, philosophical and sociological character. While not everyone agrees with the definition of scientific revolution, first introduced in 1939 by A. Koyrà © and subsequently used successfully by T. Kuhn, but all agree that it was in the XVII century when science was established the classical science of the modern type. In this regard, the XVII century as a complete historical phenomenon is extremely important for understanding the genesis and the present state of science. It further results in what Descartes wrote in his work: â€Å"And thereby make ourselves, as it were, the lords and masters of nature† (Descartes 44) The basis for the new type of world view, the new science was laid by Galileo. He began to create it as a mathematical and experimental science. The starting point was the argument that for clear judgments formation about the nature, scientists have to regard only objective properties – those that can be measured accurately, while properties available just for perception should be ignored as subjective and ephemeral. Only through quantitative analysis of science it is possible to get the right knowledge about the world. In order to go deeper into the mathematical laws and understand the true sense of nature, Galileo perfected and invented a lot of technical equipment lenses, telescopes, microscopes, magnet, air thermometer, barometer, etc. The use of these devices gave empiricism new dimension unknown to the Greeks. Former scholastic deductive thinking about the universe had to give way to its experimental study to comprehend its existing impersonal mathematical laws. Galileo found a scientific point of contact between inductive and deductive methods of the nature study, making it possible to link the scientific thinking, impossible without abstraction and idealization, with a particular perception of the phenomena and processes of nature. Galileo discoveries in mechanics play a very important role for the modern science, because with completely new categories and new methodology, he decided to destroy the dogmatic construction dominant in the Aristotelian scholastic physics, based on superficial observations and speculative calculations, overflowing with teleological notions of motion of things in accordance with their nature and the aim of the natural and violent movements of the natural heaviness and lightness of bodies, perfection of circular motion as compared to straight, etc. Based on the criticism of Aristotelian physics, Galileo created his program of science building. Galileo developed dynamics the science of the motion of bodies under the influence of the applied forces. He formulated the first laws of the free fall of bodies, gave a strict definition of the concept of speed and acceleration, realized the critical properties of the motion of bodies, which later was called inertia. His ideas on the relativity of motion were very valuable. Philosophical and methodological importance of the laws of mechanics discovered by Galileo was huge, because for the first time in the history of human thought the concept of natural law in the modern sense was formulated. Galileos laws of motion together with his astronomical discoveries led up the physical basis to the Copernican theory, which its creator himself did not have yet. Heliocentric doctrine was becoming a theory from the hypothesis. Newton was the one to complete the Copernican revolution. He proved the existence of gravity as a universal force – the one that makes rocks fall to the Earth and is the cause of the closed orbit of the planets revolving around the sun. Newton’s merit was also the fact that he united the mechanistic philosophy of Descartes, Keplers laws of planetary motion and Galileos law of motion of the Earth, bringing them into a comprehensive theory. After a series of mathematical discoveries, Newton draw a conclusion: for the planets to be held on stable orbits with respective velocities and at appropriate distances, determined by the Keplers third law, a certain force should be drawing them to the Sun, which is inversely proportional to the square of distance from the Sun. Bodies falling on the Earth are also subject to this law (it is not only about stones, but also the moon both terrestrial and celestial phenomena). Moreover, on the basis of this law Newton mathematically dedu ced the elliptical form of the planetary orbits and change in their speeds, following the definitions of the first and the second laws of Kepler (Huff 157). A response was obtained to the most important cosmological issues that supporters of Copernicus faced – what causes the motion of the planets, how they manage to keep within their orbits, and why heavy objects fall to the Earth. The dispute about the structure of the universe and the relationship between celestial and terrestrial was settled. Copernican hypothesis generated a need for a new, comprehensive and independent cosmology and now it was found. With the help of the three laws of motion (the law of inertia, law of acceleration and the law of equal and opposite reaction) and the law of universal gravitation Newton not only formed the scientific foundation for Keplers laws, but also explained the tides, orbits of comets, the trajectory of cannonballs and other projectiles. All the known phenomena of celestial and terrestrial mechanics were then brought under a single set of physical laws. Confirmation for the views of Descartes, who believed that nature was perfectly ordered mechanism obeying to the mathematical laws, was found. The main achievement of the scientific revolution was the collapse of the medieval picture of the antique world and the emergence of new traits of the worldview that allowed for creation of the modern science. Natural science ideology foundation was made by the following notions and approaches: naturalism the idea of ​​self-sufficiency of nature, driven by natural, objective laws; mechanism view of the world as a machine consisting of elements of varying degrees of importance and generality, the rejection of previously dominant symbolic and hierarchical approach that represented each item in the world as an organic part of the holistic being; quantitativity a universal method of quantitative comparison and evaluation of all the objects and phenomena in the world, the rejection of the quality of thinking of antiquity and the Middle Ages; causal automatism a rigid determination of all phenomena and processes in the world with natural reasons that can be described by t he laws of mechanics ; analytism – origin of the analytical work over synthetic in thinking of scientists, non-abstract speculations characteristic of antiquity and the Middle Ages; geometrism approval of an infinite homogeneous picture, describing the geometry of Euclid and managed by unified cosmic laws of the universe (Osler 28). The second most important result of the scientific revolution was the connection of speculative natural philosophy traditions of antiquity and medieval science and craft and technical activities with industry. Another result of the scientific revolution was the adoption of the hypothetico-deductive method of learning. The basis of this method is the core of the modern science, forming a logical conclusion of the accepted hypotheses and their subsequent empirical verification. Overall, the main conclusions of the scientific revolution can be summarized in the following way: Old Space was outdated and destroyed; the new picture of the world was formed, replacing the old cosmos, which was more or less like a huge clock it had nothing alive and indefinite and, it seemed, that everything could be calculated (Kepler’s determinism). Science found its mechanisms and procedures for the construction of theoretical knowledge, and self-test, its language, especially in its mathematical form, which became the flesh of the method. Science became a social system its own professional organizations were founded, as well as print media, the whole infrastructure (including special tools). Specific rules and codes of conduct, channels of communication were also created. Through distribution of scientific principles, science becomes a powerful intellectual force a school of correct thinking affecting specific processes in a variety of forms. Growing out of mysticis m, science was gradually overcoming it. Works Cited Descartes. Discourse on Method in Discourse on Method and Related Writings. Trans. Desmond M. Clarke. New York: Penguin edition, 1999. Print. Gilbert, William. â€Å"Preface.† Williamgilbert.com. n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. Huff, Toby E. Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution: A Global Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print. Osler, Margaret J. Rethinking the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Print.

Ancient Historians Sima Qian

American History Exam - 1824 Words

Exam One Arguably the most influential monarch of the Colonial Era, King George the Third reigned England and colonial America from 1760 to 1820. His influence was held mostly over the colony of Massachusetts. He authorized his most influential Prime Minister, George Grenville (1763-1765), to carry out atrocious acts such as the Sugar and Quartering Acts of 1764 and 1765, as well as the unforgettable Stamp Act of 1766. King George III and Grenville are also responsible for the tax left on tea, inevitably leading up to the Boston Tea Party. The colonies of Massachusetts and New York were afflicted most heavily in that these are where the biggest ports and largest trade hubs were located. The colonists became outraged at the unfairness of these Acts, coining the phrase â€Å"Taxation without Representation† which is still famous to this day. These Acts are some of the first major steps leading up to the American Revolution, starting with the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, and th e beginnings of Independent American government, shown with the Albany Congress in response to the Royal Proclamation of 1763.They mainly influence my future vocation by introducing the dependency upon coffee. This introduced a highly caffeinated drink, which is used to ease ADD and ADHD patients. People may have noticed the change back then, and began searching for other ways to â€Å"fix† mentally and otherwise emotionally unstable/challenged people. A couple of prominent Generals in the Continental Army wereShow MoreRelatedAmerican History Unit 12 Exam Review Essay examples2387 Words   |  10 PagesAmerican History Exam Review Unit 12 1. Name the empires that were located in America before the arrival of Europeans. The Inca, the Olmec, the Maya, the Aztec, the Moundbuilders, the Iroquois, the Five Civilized Tribes. 2. 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From theRead MoreEvaluation Of The Standardized Patient Experience900 Words   |  4 PagesReflective Evaluation The standardized patient experience was useful and interesting for me because I became more confident and active during nursing practice after that practice exam. This practical exam helped me recall my professional experience from year 2012 and 2013 when I worked as a nurse in my country. After that practice exam, I knew how staff nurses deal and communicate with patients from a different culture and spoke different language. My specialization is nursing education, but I wanted toRead MoreShould Immigration Laws Be Reformed?1151 Words   |  5 PagesMark Zepeda Mr. Witt American Literature 26 November 2009 Should Immigration Laws Be Reformed? Immigration is a great part of this country. Immigrants came here for freedom and liberty from their oppressed and miserable country. They come here to find a â€Å"NEW† life to live and support their family. 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This paper will help instruct individuals who wish to go through the sonography principles and instrumentation (SPI) examination (Sonography Principles Instrumentation [SPI], (2015). â€Æ' As previously mentioned, the acronym ARDMS stands for American Registry for Diagnostic Medical SonographyRead MoreCleveland Clinic Science Internship Program : Clinical Education843 Words   |  4 Pagesthe annual academic awards. Third Place in History Writing Contest (2017) Students are offered an opportunity to submit historical research papers of between 3000 and 7500 works. Submitted papers are read and assessed by a panel of teachers from the History Department. Within both categories—American History and World History—three winning papers are selected for cash prizes. This contest is not mandatory for students. I entered in the American History Writing Contest and my paper titled â€Å"Women inRead MorePolitical Philosophy and User Responses1444 Words   |  6 PagesTake the Chapter 02 Exam Section: Intro to US Government F 2014 flanery,daniel Submitted: 9/3/2014 1:38:33 AM 1. populism equality individualism republicanism fatalism Grade: User Responses: Feedback: b. c. d. e. Government should be involved in protecting the health of the financial industry over individual citizens’ rights. Government should allow the market economy to be free and unrestricted. Government should not obstruct individuals’ efforts to obtain propertyRead MoreBreast Health Essay769 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand how to identify, treat, and provide education to women related to their breast health. This journal entry will focus on a patient encounter related to a clinical presentation of a breast mass. Lastly, strategies for education and self-breast exam education will be discussed. Upon reflection of a past semester, C. C. will be referenced for this journal entry and application learning opportunity. C. C. was a forty-year-old African-Caribbean woman (ACW) seen in the office for complaints of a

United States Efforts To Combat Domestic Counter Terrorism Free Essays

The threat of terrorism has become real since the 9/11 attacks in the US. The government as well as the international community has joined efforts in order to combat the ever present terror attacks mainly targeting America. Although there have not been other terrorist attacks in the US soil since the 9/11 attacks, the fact that, terrorists continue to threaten and in fact other US interests outside the US remains as clear pointer to the fact that, terrorism is a real threat to the US and therefore warrants measures against protecting every American’s right to fundamental freedoms guaranteed under law. We will write a custom essay sample on United States Efforts To Combat Domestic Counter Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terrorist activities recently targeting the US allies and foreign interests include attacks in Kenya, Morocco, Pakistan, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen and Tunisia. The above calls for tough and effective anti terrorism laws to curb the evil. It is against that background that, US has taken considerable measures to combat the evil both domestically and internationally. For the purpose of this, paper, attention will be given to domestic measures aimed at curbing terrorism and only touch a little bit on international terrorism. International measures have included the capacity building programs being initiated by the US in its allies by giving incentives such as training military on the effective military combats styles as well as increasing of satellite surveillance as well as use of communication technology to track and disrupt the activities of the terrorist and carry out preemptive attacks on their bases if suspected to be planning and attack (Abuza, Zachary,2005). On top of that, according to , combating terrorist requires a coordinated activity. The first step involves the use of al means in order to deny the terrorists the chance of committing the crime in other words decapacitating them, this is possible through number of ways which include, cutting arms supply, denying terrorists access to arms and other weaponry which would be harmful if left in the reach of the terrorists and improved security checks in all vulnerable areas such as airports all aimed at lessening the probability of terrorists successfully attacking the US. One can not forget the role on good governance for in some cases the activities of terrorism have happen just because a government official serving in a major security installation such as in the airports or immigration department s failed to execute their duties properly (Acquaviva, Mike, 1989) The US has in measure aimed at improving its home security passed several antiterrorism bills all of which have in one way or another contributed to the interruption of terrorist activities therefore lessening the chances of terrorist attacks in the US. In a bid to protect its citizens and sovereignty America enforced many measures including military operations in places deemed to harbor terrorist activities or are at least sympathetic to terrorist activities. The constitution of America empowers the president through congress to intervene in cases where the country comes under security threat using all means under his/her discretion. It is against this back ground that, the US has taken measures which not all agree to have nevertheless helped to reduce the incidence of attacks. Such measures have included the empowerment of all security institutions such as the FBI and the CIA, to play a bigger role in the hunt and elimination of terrorists and their activities, increasing military expenditure as well as security budget to facilitate programs aimed at combating terrorism. Other activities have included the passing of laws aimed at confiscating property suspected to originate or be ended to terrorist cells or allies. Other key measures aimed at combating the crime involve the passing a bill which empowers key security agencies to intercept communications deemed suspicious and likely to enhance terrorist activities. Other measure have include the coding of the US security levels to also alert the people of America when ever a threat of attacks is deemed inevitable as well as when it is considered relatively safe. Also the US has introduced the concept of travel advisories which although they do not apply domestically are key in protecting the Americans against the thereat of attacks. Other than the methods used, it does not occur there were other alternatives since, the present measures have succeeded in making the US a better place. It is notable that, there has been numerous attempts by the terrorists groups to hit US again possibly to commemorate the September 11 attacks but all have been thwarted or intercepted and if they happen it has been in a small magnitude. Although critiques have argued that, the measures taken by US has increased anti-Americanism especially form Islamic countries, the fact is that, the terrorist are determined to attack US and considers such as achievements. This calls for no less than radical measures aimed at maintaining the security of Americans. In the fight against terrorism, the US has not been alone for it has received all manner of support from its key ally Britain as well as from the UN which helped pass some of the international amendments aimed at curbing the threat and danger of terrorism (Abuza, Zachary,2003). In all regions of the work the US has key partners’ and allies who allow it to operate form the solids in the endeavor to reduce the efficiency of the terrorist. From Africa to Asia, and Far East, the US collaborates with key countries through sharing of intelligence, use of countries facilities, to launch activities as well passing anti-terrorism legislations which are deemed crucial in deterring terrorists. On the other hand the US benefits form these ties in that the countries can arrest suspects wanted in connection with terrorism and them to US for interrogation and trial especially those wanted in connection to the September attacks. Just like all other well intentioned struggles, the combat against domestic terrorism will need the right environment in order to be successful as well as to achieve is objectives. In a nutshell the following are the most immediate needs and changes which may result into a fight with a well guided mission and vision, one which will meet the expectations of the people of America. Firstly, the issue of good PR will need to be emphasized a lot and it needs to be highlighted in all departments and institutions dealing with terrorism. Although the US military has done much efforts to meet this, goal, it is has not been sustained and maintained in that, some organs of the government seem to be comfortable with the progress so far. Far form the truth, there is need to ensure that, every move from the government aimed at countering the threats of terrorism as well as all others aimed at influencing major international partners as well as world bodies such as the UN are not misrepresented or misinterpreted by the public. Against the background of the Iraq war which has resulted into enormous life losses to the Americans, it is easy for people to lose the zeal for the fight and start opposing it. This happens due to poor communication as well as poor PR skills. Therefore the role of communication and PR in this war against domestic terrorism needs to be speeded up in order to ensure that; throughout all campaigns the government has the blessing of the masses. The other challenge in the combat against domestic tourism comes in the form of opposition to legislations or bills aimed at solving the problem of terrorism. When ever a senator or any member of the congress brings up a motion on terrorism fighting, there is a need for all the congress men to put aside all their political ideological differences to back such law because its touches the whole American society. Lastly, the challenge of people withholding crucial information from the law enforcement agents is a matter of grave concern. Usually, terrorists live among the people that they plan to attack. In that case, those who live near the terrorists and shield them from the law enforcer are obliviously on the wrong. The public should be more involved and actually share any crucial information with the police. By hunting down for terrorist in the mountains, jungles and seas, by attacking those who collaborated with the terrorist to attack it, the act of the US in regard to terrorism can not be regarded to as being overreaction. Simply put, there was no other way of doing it, the US had lost close to $100 billion in terms of economic damages as a result of terrorists activities of the recent past. Against such a background, the activities and efforts of the US to combat domestic tourism can be termed only as fair and justified for failure to act would and can lead to further attack hence more losses. This can also significantly affect the world order as the US is looked up on by many vulnerable countries to offer protection in cases of external aggression on their sovereignty as it did in the case o Kuwait. How to cite United States Efforts To Combat Domestic Counter Terrorism, Papers

Carbohydrates (785 words) Essay Example For Students

Carbohydrates (785 words) Essay CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are present in sugars, starch, acids, and in many other nutrientsthat consist elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Having a ratio of 1: 2: 1or written as CH20. A monosaccharide meaning monomer of sugar is asimple carbohydrate. Containing backbone of five carbon atoms thatare present in ribose and deoxyribose, components of RNA and DNA. Glucose a sixcarbon atom that is common cellulose, starch, and glycogen are classified aspolysaccharide, Known as a complex carbohydrate, with straight orbranched chains of many sugar monomers. These categories of carbohydrates aretested in two laboratory experiments. It will allow us (my partner and I) todetect the presence of sugar or starch. The first test, using two differentsolutions to expose the presence of sugar or starch by color alteration. Ihypothesize that both samples of the experiment will result differently in orderto pursue the next test. The second test consists of 9 food items, identifyingthe appearance of sugar or starch. I guess in identifying 75% out of the 9 itemsright. Conducting both experiments will test my hypotheses either right orwrong. The first experiment on simple and complex carbohydrates,several tools and liquids were obtained: two test tubes, spot plate, test tubeholder, benedicts reagent, lugols iodine, 10% karo syrup solution, 1% starchsolution. In a test tube (holding it with a test tube holder,) my partner fills1 cm from the bottom of 10% karo syrup solution. With the benedicts reagent Igently add four drops, then quickly placed the tube in 98 degrees of boilingwater, at 3:17p.m. While waiting for 3 minutes, we noticed that before placingthe tube in the boiling water, the benedict reagent in the 10% karo syrup wasblue. After heating, we observed at 3:20 p.m. that the benedict solutionactivated and turned yellow. Which meant that sugar (simple carbohydrate) waspresent in the karo syrup. A different procedure was conducted to test starch. Using a spot plate, 1% of starch (about 4 drops) was placed into the well spot. Then two drops of lugols iodine was added. It generated a dark purple colorwith immediate contact with the iodine. The results for this experiment meantthat lugols iodine would test purple, positive for complex carbohydrate andyellow for simple carbohydrates. Both samples of the experiment resulteddifferently agreeing with my hypotheses. With the color alteration of benedictreagent and lugols iodine, my partner and I was ready to test sugar andstarch on the 9 food items. Know will test the 9 items, to state weather starchor sugar is present. I made a prediction that 75% of the items would beidentified correctly. The experiment consist of: apple juice, potato juice, saltwater, baking powder solution, baking soda solution, ozorka flavored water,powdered sugar solution, clearly Canadian flavored water, vinegar, benedictsreagent, lugols iodine, wax pencil, and 18 test tubes. My partner numberedthe test tubes, having two sets from 1 through 9. He filled one set while Ifilled the other, bo th with food solution about, 1 cm from the bottom of thetest tubes. After filling the tubes, we placed 5 drops of benedicts reagent onone set, then placing them in boiling water at about 98 degrees for five minutes(3:40 p.m.). Within the five minutes, I placed three drops of lugols iodineon the second set (3:42 p.m.). We shook the tubes, then resting them for 3minutes. At 3:45 p.m., my partner took out the benedict set, and we started torecord our result as we also recorded the lugols iodine. We both had amazingoutputs; I resulted on having 6 items accurately correct out of the 9. Bakingsoda solution and vinegar failed both the benedict and lugols iodine fluids,appearing negative results for sugar and starch. I predicted that Salt waterwould show starch therefore it appeared negative. Vinegar has an acidicelements, that are naturally fermented by which bacterium (prokaryotic) gothrough, an anaerobic cycle. Baking soda is a sodium bicarbonate, it isnaturally occurring in the form of an ore called torna. It releases more OH ,which it has a pH above 7. Salt is a sodium chloride, also with a pH numbergreater than 7. For these reasons, my estimation was not accurate. Some of theitems were organic fluids, processed powders, and flavored water, which containeither starches or/and sugars. The categories of carbohydrates were tested intwo laboratory experiments. It allowed my partner and I to detect the presenceof sugar and starch with indicators, (benedicts reagent and lugolsiodine). The test results indicated that certain Items were composed of carbon,containing substances that include lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Otheritems were composed of non- carbon such as water, calcium, sodium, magnesium,and other elements. For future experiments, this lab will help explain the causeand effect of any living structure.

The Performance free essay sample

Step One: Prepare. The strong yet whimsical force of a simple port de bras, or the power with which a dancer delivers an entire performance, begins with the dedication of the dancer to commit countless hours practicing, learning, observing, trying, failing, succeeding, and preparing. My parents entered me in a dance academy as early as age three, where I spent every Saturday afternoon learning the first five positions and how to do a grand jete. By the age of around 7, I grew an overwhelming passion for dance. Saturday afternoon classes turned into Thursday/Friday/Saturday classes, and soon I was at a competitive studio developing my technique nearly every day of the week. I struggled for some time with feeling I wasn’t a good enough dancer. The competitive atmosphere lead me to have moments of low self-esteem and doubt. In class I wasn’t the girl with the perfect turnout nor could I do ten continuous pirouettes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Performance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, for every performance my class did, I found myself front and center. I later discovered that what my instructor saw in me as a dancer was something much more forceful than mere technique. Although I had ‘a nice pointe, and legs which extended my height by five miles’, I also delivered every dance piece with true desire and inspiration which bled through every arabesque and battement. Step Two: Warm Up. 2008 was a bad year. My parents dominated the High School process. They came to a decision, and their first choice school was my last. That year, I struggled with rebellion. I was angry that such a significant part of my life had been decided for me. Dance became backseat to school for my parents, once my grades began to show. I lost motivation and found myself surrounded with people who had lost theirs as well. I was naive and felt as though my world had ended. I felt no need to try, and as time passed I began to lose everything. My parents took me out of dance. The passion which once fueled me to at least endure the six hour school day, looking forward to the five hour dance day afterwards, was gone. My grades were dirt, and so did become my reputation. I was in a hole which only made itself deeper with every report card. I embraced every negative situation. One extremely rainy May afternoon, I had to walk home from school. I took the shortcut passing downtown p rovidence, my favorite area. I got a little lost, but despite the downpour, I didn’t mind spending some extra time in the scenic area. Fifteen minutes later I was still walking, but slowed my pace as I approached PPAC (Providence Performing Arts Center). I saw on the window an announcement for an upcoming event. â€Å"The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater† was bringing its dancers to this stage to perform. I literally felt warmth from the passion I had lost, returning into my shivering body. When I returned home, I sat in my room for hours with my re-found inspiration, and became more and more absorbed with every minute spent. In that time I came to a realization. Dance is my warm up for life. Instead of having rebelled, I should have faced every negative instance I had been dealing with in high school with the grace and strength of the dancer that I was. I knew what it was to sacrifice time, to endure sweat and tears, to dedicate countless amounts of effort to reach a desired goal. The morals I learned in the studio, behind ballet bars and in front of mirrors, were the same I had to apply to reach my maximum potential in school and in life. Step Three: Approach the stage with confidence and grace. That year I finally became balanced. I continued to grow as a dancer, and strengthened my role as a student. I presented myself with assurance and used difficult situations as warm-ups for things that still lay ahead. I watched my accomplishments stack up and account for the opportunities I had lost during my lower times. I stopped regretting my period of self-destruction, because those moments are what lead me to so strongly implement the art of dance into my daily life. I now have a vision for the future. Every effort I make is working towards my prize goal, acceptance to Fordham University/Alvin Ailey BFA program. Step four: Deliver a unique, unforgettable and heartfelt performance which inspires the audience to connect with their inner artist. Having to persevere my way through a great fall has built me into a strong, dedicated dancer and student. The details of my life provide a lesson that is my own, and have given me a place from which to grasp wisdom. Seeing my life from a negative place gave me the understanding perspective to share with others the importance of finding a source of motivation and passion in their lives.

Using the Scoring Rubric and Sample Student Answers As Your Scoring Guideline

Using the Scoring Rubric and Sample Student Answers As Your Scoring GuidelineAs a new teacher, the first thing you will notice when it comes to using the scoring rubric and sample student answers as your scoring guideline is that not all questions will go the same way. In this way, you need to make sure you have an answer sheet for each question you ask, and you have to understand how the problems are assigned. In this way, you will not waste time answering each question on the sheet you created yourself and may just be too lazy to find a paper and pen and start to write the answers.You will need to also keep in mind that your curriculum is different from another. Most of your students are taught differently, and they will all learn at different paces. This means that you will need to understand how these differences will affect the type of questions that are asked.Because of these differences, you will need to get used to not only writing the questions but also the grading rubric th at is needed to show your students their grades. It is easy to be confused about how you should handle the grading rubric and sample student answers as your scoring guideline. However, if you keep these things in mind, then you will not have any trouble with them.First, make sure you are making good grades in the tests and assignments. The answer sheet that you create and grade should not only contain test-able student answers but also include samples. It will help if you are able to compare the student responses to the topics that are being discussed, so that you can get an idea of which question was answered correctly. After all, if students are able to understand the topic of the assignment well, they will also be able to focus and learn more.Make sure that the student answers are not just basic and boring, as that will make it harder for you to grade the test and assignment. Your students do not want to simply write answers that are boring. They want to write answers that are th oughtful and helpful, as that will make their lesson stronger. Remember, though, that these sample answers should not be as close to the actual problems as possible.When it comes to the scoring rubric, you should make sure you understand all the different sections that are needed to grade a test or assignment. One important section of the rubric is the question section, where you will have to write the test answers that have been submitted for the test. When you are using the scoring rubric and sample student answers as your scoring guideline, make sure you consider that part, too.Remember, though, that you should consider using the scoring rubric and sample student answers as your scoring guideline because this will help you to create questions that will not be too difficult for your students. This will also make it easier for you to grade their test and assignments, as well as grading the test and assignment in general.

Plesiadapis Facts

Plesiadapis Facts Name: Plesiadapis (Greek for almost Adapis); pronounced PLESS-ee-ah-DAP-iss Habitat: Woodlands of North America and Eurasia Historical Period: Late Paleocene (60-55 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and 5 pounds Diet: Fruits and seeds Distinguishing Characteristics: Lemur-like body; rodent-like head; gnawing teeth About Plesiadapis One of the earliest prehistoric primates yet discovered, Plesiadapis lived during the Paleocene epoch, a mere five million years or so after the dinosaurs went extinct- which does much to explain its rather small size (Paleocene mammals had yet to attain the large sizes typical of the mammalian megafauna of the later Cenozoic Era). The lemur-like Plesiadapis looked nothing like a modern human, or even the later monkeys from which humans evolved; rather, this small mammal was notable for the shape and arrangement of its teeth, which were already semi-suited to an omnivorous diet. Over tens of millions of years, evolution would send the descendants of Plesiadapis down from the trees and onto the open plains, where they would opportunistically eat anything that crawled, hopped, or slithered their way, at the same time evolving ever-larger brains. It took a surprisingly long time for paleontologists to make sense of Plesiadapis. This mammal was discovered in France in 1877, only 15 years after Charles Darwin published his treatise on evolution, On the Origin of Species, and at a time when the idea of humans evolving from monkeys and apes was extremely controversial. Its name, Greek for almost Adapis, references another fossil primate discovered about 50 years earlier. We can now infer from the fossil evidence that the ancestors of Plesiadapis lived in North America, possibly coexisting with dinosaurs, and then gradually crossed over to western Europe by way of Greenland.

Imminent, Immanent, and Eminent

Imminent, Immanent, and Eminent Imminent, Immanent, and Eminent Imminent, Immanent, and Eminent By Maeve Maddox Judaye Streett has asked for a tip on the similarly sounding words imminent, immanent, and eminent. Imminent is an adjective meaning about to happen. It comes from a Latin word meaning to overhang or to be near. Obamas court pick is imminent Pfizer Chief Says Growth Is Imminent PSPgo Relaunch is Imminent Bush Says No Imminent Decision on Guantanamo Similar in meaning to imminent is the word impending, literally, hanging over. Unlike imminent, impending has a negative, even ominous connotation. How do human beings react to the threat of impending catastrophe? Teachers appeal to AG to cancel impending dismissals Peter could not keep silent. He laid hold upon his Master, as if to draw Him back from His impending doom†¦ Anxiety symptoms Fear of impending doom The expression impending doom, meaning something bad about to happen has become such a clichà © as to be the name of at least two heavy metal bands. Immanent is an adjective meaning dwelling within. The word is most commonly used to describe a spiritual presence. It comes from a Latin word meaning to dwell within. Is there a hierarchy in the immanent Trinity? God is immanent in every form and whoever loves God must love Gods creation. Colossians 1:15:20 says: God has become immanent in Jesus Christ The word immanent has other applications in anthropology and mathematics. Sometimes even people writing about spiritual matters mix up immanent and imminent, as in these examples from a web site about the historical Jesus: [Jesus] did believe that this restoration [of a Jewish state] was immanent. Critical scholars argue that the high priest feared that Jesus talk of an immanent restoration of an independent Jewish state would likely spark a riot. Eminent means prominent, outstanding. It comes from a Latin word meaning to stand out or to project. Eminent people stand out from the herd because of their personal and professional qualities and achievements. In a literal sense of projecting, an eminence can be a hill or other high place that stands above its surroundings. The city squares by night are breathtaking when viewed from an eminence. BOOK REVIEW: An eminent Victorian disinterred UN Security Council Seeks an Eminent Individual for an Impossible Job The legal term eminent domain refers to the right of a government to appropriate private property for public use, paying just compensation to the owner. The public domain stands out from the private domain. The Alameda Theater and Cineplex in Alameda, CA, was built on property that was unjustly seized by the city through eminent domain laws. A new eminent domain law in Utah authorizes seizure of some of the federal governments vast land holdings. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†Between vs. In BetweenCaptain vs. Master

(Oral Presentation script) Ethical problems in international marketing Essay

(Oral Presentation script) Ethical problems in international marketing - Essay Example uch as, racial discrimination, corporate social responsibility, public awareness of risks associated with product use, keeping high prices for citizens of developing countries, and respecting the political and cultural environments of other countries. After describing the problems and their effects on a company’s image, the researcher provides some effective mechanisms to deal with those international marketing issues. Through discussing these problems, this research highlights the importance of considering ethics while doing international marketing. In the present world, ethical marketing is the key to success for a company in the international world. Those days have gone when companies needed to consider the business laws, customers’ needs, and culture of only their host nations. Today, companies need to consider the cultural, political, and economic environment of all those countries where they plan to expand their businesses. Failing to consider any of the ethical marketing issues can result in destroying the image of the company among international customers. Marketing managers are responsible to draw their focus properly on each of the ethical marketing issues in order to achieve the desired set of goals. Therefore, in this paper, the researcher will focus the international marketing ethical issues and the ways to overcome those issues. If a company discriminates against any particular race while marketing the products in the international world, it can put an adverse impact on the image of the company. For example, if a company markets a color fairness cream in an African country by saying that White is the best, it would be against the ethics of marketing. Companies also need to make public aware of the risks associated with the products being marketed. For example, if a pharmaceutical company is marketing a new drug in other countries, it should make people aware of the side effects of the product, if any, in order to make them decide whether they

Sociological research-there is a relationship between social class and Essay

Sociological research-there is a relationship between social class and crime - Essay Example ade great strides in proving that social class has a direct correlation with crime due to the social controls of a capitalist government† (Jones, 2004). Social conflict theory focuses on why governments make and enforce rules of law and morality then why an individual violates the law. The primary goal of Social Conflict is to examine the relationship between the ruling class and the process by which deviance is defined and controlled in capitalist society. The government creates laws and rules to maintain the power and position for the power elite. Centering on a view of society in which the elite class uses the criminal justice system as a means of controlling threats to its status. Conflict theorists do not argue that the poor commit more crimes than the rich, but they are certainly arrested and punished more often. A natural frustration exists in society in which a high value is placed on being rich and attaining the American dream, but this dream is unattainable for the ma jority of the citizens. A deep hostility develops among the lower class toward a social order that they can not participate unless it’s by illegal means. Thus, the legal system is designed to guard the position of the upper class by any legal means necessary. â€Å"Conflict theorists seriously contradict the long-held presumption that the American system of law and justice is humane and fair to all citizens.† (Senna, 2003) It really is not a surprise to any of us that it is the poor and disadvantaged criminals who end up in the coils of the criminal justice system. But it would be a mistake to make accusations about the nature of crime by blaming those individuals who end up in our police cells, courtrooms and prisons. This does not mean that crime in the US or any other part of the world is committed by the poor and disadvantaged. Nor does it mean that disadvantage is the cause of most crime. â€Å"But some of the grossest victimizations are concentrated among the poorer members of

How Charles Dickens Depicts Women

How Charles Dickens Depicts Women Dickens and his view towards women- Is it really progress? The Victorian Age is a period of great progress in multiple fields such as industry, trade, literature and so on. The role of women in society also improved considerably and many laws were passed safeguarding their rights during this age. By the fin de sià ¨cle, the concept of a New Woman is born. Charles Dickens is one of the most famous novelists during this era as his novels were read widespread by the general populace. His works always favoured progression of the working class, and the effects of industrial revolution like in Hard Times. But his portrayal of women in his works easily fall under the Victorian stereotypes of women and this aspect does not really portray him as a progressive writer for women. David Holbrook, in Charles Dickens and the Image of Women, says when it came to the problems of man-woman relationship, he (Dickens) was seriously hampered, not only by the attitudes of his age but also by his own emotional makeup and psychic pattern (Holbrook, 1993. Chapter 7, Pg. 172) To establish this, I will analyse Dickens Great Expectations and attempt character sketches of the women portrayed in that novel. The reason for choosing this specific novel is due to the fact that it was fairly popular during the time of publishing and it has different types of women characters presented in the novel. This novel is also highly controversial as it has two endings because the general populace was not satisfied with the original ending and Dickens had to rewrite it to please his audience. Great Expectations follows the protagonist Pip and it chronicles his life. The novel could be even considered as a bildungsroman. Pip encounters various types of women in society and his interactions and perspective of these women gives a clear idea of Dickens mindset towards these women. The character Pip and Dickens share a lot of similarities- for example, Dickens father was arrested and the theme of prison runs strong in Great Expectations, Pip and Dickens did not have good relationships with women and so on. The women of Great Expectations can be put into categories but these categories are not definite as some characters can be a mix of two or more categories. These categories are as follows: The angels of the house, the eccentric women, and the independent women. The Angel of the house is the idealised stereotype of a Victorian Woman and how she should behave. This idea was popularized by Coventry Patmores poem, The angel of the house where he describes his wife as an angel who takes care of the household. She is someone who is meek and doesnt challenge the authority of the household leader, the man. She is subservient to him and fulfils his wishes with the utmost devotion. She is also someone who upholds moral values such as truth , charity and purity. This is the kind of woman that the Victorian society and many authors preferred. Some would say Dickens himself preferred these kinds of characters and usually, they have a good ending, like the titular character in Little Dorrit. In Great Expectations, the role of the Angel of the house is taken up by Biddy. Biddy is the childhood friend of Pip, the protagonist of Great Expectations who appears to take on the mantle of a kind and nurturing mother. The first description of this character is seen in Chapter 7, when Pip goes to Mr. Wopsles great aunt to study in her evening school. It is here he meets Biddy, who manages the shop which Mr. Wopsles great aunt runs. She was an orphan like myself; like me, too, had been brought up by hand. She was most noticeable, I thought, in respect of her extremities; for, her hair always wanted brushing, her hands always wanted washing, and her shoes always wanted mending and pulling up at heel.(Chapter 7, Pg. 76) From the above description, it is clear that Pip did not have that high of a regard towards Biddy, though they were similar in being brought up by hand. She was just a regular commoner, according to Pip. In Chapter 10, Biddy readily agrees to teach Pip everything she knows. She is also described as the most obliging of girls which is one of the traits of the Angel of the house. When Mrs. Joe gets injured by Orlick, Biddy is brought in to take care of her which instantly helps relieve some stress around the household. Biddy seems to be experienced in taking care of other people, as she has been taking care of Mr. Wopsles great aunt throughout her life. This is also another characteristic of the Angel of the house. By Chapter 17, Pips view of Biddy changes and he sees Biddy as more feminine and pretty, though not on par with the gorgeous Estella. Her shoes came up at the heel, her hair grew bright and neat, her hands were always clean. She was not beautiful she was common, and could not be like Estella but she was pleasant and wholesome and sweet-tempered. (Chapter 17, Pg. 222) Biddy is also intellectually equal or better than Pip as she manages to keep up with him in intellectual pursuits and manage the domestic household chores. In short, whatever I knew, Biddy knew. (Chapter 17, Pg. 222) But she always remains humble and never proud, which is how an ideal Victorian woman would behave. She also serves the role of a confidante and consoler to Pip as he confesses the feelings he had harboured for Estella to her and his wish of becoming a gentleman. Biddy was the wisest of girls, and she tried to reason no more with me. She put her hand, which was a comfortable hand though roughened by work, upon my hands, one after another, and gently took them out of my hair. Then she softly patted my shoulder in a soothing wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Chapter 17, Pg. 229-230) When Biddy and Pip get into an argument, she gets accused of being jealous and it is her who apologises. Also in Chapter 35, when Mrs. Joe dies, they get into another argument and in the end she says, let only me be hurt, if I have been ungenerous. This is similar to Amy Dorrits behaviour in Little Dorrit when she gets scolded by her father for not getting along with the gatekeepers son to provide him a more comfortable life. This is also another characteristic which was expected of the Angel of the house, where the woman is subservient to the man and has no right to confront him for his misdeeds or wrongdoings, but rather apologise even if they werent at fault. In chapter 58, Biddy finally gets her happy ending by marrying Joe Gargery, the good Samaritan. She is also the only female character to get a proper happy ending unlike Estella (in the original ending), Ms. Havisham or Mrs. Joe. It is obvious that Dickens favours Biddy and the type of woman she portrays more than the others. She might be unconsciously modelled after Mary Hogarth, his first wife, who according to David Holbrook in Charles Dickens and the Image of Women, is worshipped by him (Dickens) as the epitome of ideal womanhood. Throughout his life he seemed to need to idolize this kind of devoted sister figure like Agnes in David Copperfield and Rose Maylie in Oliver Twist angelically beautiful, devoted, inspiring, and the object of pure admiration( Holbrook, 1993. Chapter 7, Pg. 168) Though Biddy is not angelically beautiful, she is angelic in quality and she earns the admiration of the audience and later Pip himself. The other character who also fall under this category is Clara Barley who marries Herbert Pocket after her abusive fathers death and also has a happy ending. The Eccentric women categorises women who do not fall under the stereotypical categories Victorians imposed on women. They are usually portrayed as mysterious, dark, cruel, cold and cunning. They are also beautiful women who take on the role of seductress and tempt the virtuous men into committing adultery or just serve as objects of temptation. They are also associated with criminality- usually portrayed as murderers or in any role which is not morally right. In Great Expectations, there are many eccentric women- the most noteworthy ones are Ms. Havisham and Estella (who will be dealt with later as she falls under two categories). Ms. Havisham is one of the stranger characters Dickens has created and she could be compared to the Wicked Witch of the West. She is first revealed in Chapter 8, when she awaits Pips arrival to be Estellas playmate. Pip is thoroughly spooked by her, as seen in his description of her in her wedding dress and comparing her to a ghastly waxwork and a skeleton . Once, I had been taken to see some ghastly waxwork at the Fair, representing I know not what impossible personage lying in state. Once, I had been taken to one of our old marsh churches to see a skeleton in the ashes of a rich dress, that had been dug out of a vault under the church pavement. Now, waxwork and skeleton seemed to have dark eyes that moved and looked at me. I should have cried out, if I could. (Chapter 8, Pg. 100) Her interactions with Pip portray her to be broken and melancholic but scary at the same time. The lingering scent of death and decay surrounded her every move and action and this impacts Pip to such an extent that he hallucinates Ms. Havisham hanging from a beam. I saw a figure hanging there by the neck. A figure all in yellow white, with but one shoe to the feet; and it hung so, that I could see that the faded trimmings of the dress were like earthy paper, and that the face was Miss Havishams, with a movement going over the whole countenance as if she were trying to call to me. (Chapter 8, Pg. 112) Holbrook, in Charles Dickens and the Image of Women, compares the hallucination of Pip as representing the death of the female element, in Dickens himself. It shows just how much Dickens has his views on women changed due to his personal experiences with women throughout his life. This is just the kind of nightmare fantasy one might expect a sensitive and imaginative childlike Pip to have. But it also belongs to the overall symbolism of the dramatic poem- and in this it is the image of female element being gone dead: emotions gone dead, sexuality gone dead, and creativity gone dead. So, it is an image characteristic of the Victorian predicament. The hanging figure Pip sees is the death of potentia in Miss Havisham, in himself, and in Dickens himself. (Holbrook, 1993. Chapter 5, Pg. 137) Pips description of Ms. Havisham during Chapter 11 reiterates the idea that she is the Wicked Witch of the West. In her other hand she had a crutch-headed stick on which she leaned, and she looked like the Witch of the place. (Chapter 11, Pg. 148) Ms. Havishams interactions with her guests seem cold and concise as she walks around the room with Pip and exchanges small talk with them. It is obvious that Ms. Havisham exudes a cold and melancholic aura as she compares herself with the rotten cake, the so-called heap of decay. Ms. Havisham is also shown to be manipulative as she poses as a fake benefactor for Pip to get Sarah Pocket jealous in Chapter 19. When Herbert narrates the story of Ms. Havisham to Pip in Chapter 22, she is shown to be a spoiled child and when she was grown up, a proud and haughty woman who didnt trust or depend on anyone. When she fell in love with Compeyson, she had loved him passionately but when she got jilted, her passion turned to fury and laid wrath upon the house and her life. What the novel doesnt portray or highlight is that her being spoiled and haughty is due to her upbringing and her sadness and hurt at losing her lover whom she had loved so passionately is just glossed upon as just a recovery from a bad illness. Ms. Havishams desire for revenge is highlighted in chapter 29 as she greedily urges Pip to love Estella. Her view on love has been skewered by her jilted lover and now she wishes the same fate upon others just to see them suffer like she did. Ill tell you, said she, in the same hurried passionate whisper, what real love is. It is blind devotion, unquestioning self-humiliation, utter submission, trust and belief against yourself and against the whole world, giving up your whole heart and soul to the smiter as I did!' (Chapter 29, Pg. 425-426) But Ms. Havishams greatest possession and achievement aka Estella turns into a cold-hearted woman who is incapable of loving anyone, including Ms. Havisham herself. Their argument during Chapter 38 shows just how much Estella has become estranged and indifferent to Ms. Havisham and her own pride and joy has turned against her. So proud, so proud! moaned Miss Havisham, pushing away her grey hair with both her hands. Who taught me to be proud? returned Estella. Who praised me when I learnt my lesson? So hard, so hard! moaned Miss Havisham, with her former action. Who taught me to be hard? returned Estella. Who praised me when I learnt my lesson? But to be proud and hard to me! Miss Havisham quite shrieked, as she stretched out her arms. Estella, Estella, Estella, to be proud and hard to me!' (Chapter 38, Pg. 543-544) This shows Ms. Havishams anguish over losing Estella, the only relationship which she actively participated after being jilted by her lover. It is Estella whom she let into her deep and crooked heart and it is through Estella and Pip that she regains some human emotions like regret. In Chapter 44, when Pip confesses to Estella and gets his heart broken, Ms. Havishams reactions are short and abrupt but it showcases her remorse and the sense of guilt at what she has done. She identifies with Pip and realises that Pip is the same as her now- with a broken heart, and it is all because of her. Though her plans succeeded, she does not derive any pleasure or comfort from it. Ms. Havisham is quite a complex character, with many flaws pointed out more than positive points in the novel. Holbrook says, Ms. Havisham has been blighted emotionally just at the moment of sexual flowering, and her bodily life in an ancient bridal gown symbolizes psychic paralysis. (Holbrook, Chapter 5, Pg. 133) and identifies this characteristic of Ms. Havisham to Dickens own fears of loving and related schizoid problems of identity. She is a woman fixated with one goal in mind but realizes that she is harming others just like others had harmed her later in the novel and seeks forgiveness. She does have a moment of realization and though she spent years of her life rotting away in the Satis house, she leads an independent life with the money provided by her father. Ideally, she would not suit the characteristic of an independent woman or the New Woman but she does have the underlying qualities of an independent woman, only if the circumstances were better, she might have developed into one of the strong-willed women who would appear in the later Victorian Age. Before focussing on Estella, other minor characters which fall under this category will be Mrs. Joe Gargery and Molly, Estellas mother. Mrs. Joe is well known for bringing up Pip by hand. She is introduced in detail in Chapter 2 where the first physical feature which is highlighted is her beauty. She was not a good-looking woman, my sister; and I had a general impression that she must have made Joe Gargery marry her by hand. (Chapter 2, Pg. 11) My sister, Mrs. Joe, with black hair and eyes, had such a prevailing redness of skin that I sometimes used to wonder whether it was possible she washed herself with a nutmeg-grater instead of soap. She was tall and bony, and almost always wore a coarse apron, fastened over her figure behind with two loops, and having a square impregnable bib in front, that was stuck full of pins and needles. (Chapter 2, Pg. 11-12) Mrs. Joe is just like her apron- coarse, impregnable or rather immovable, and was as prickly as those pins and needles stuck on her bib. She is described as a violent woman and she uses the so-called tickler to dish out corporal punishment for Pip. She seems to be the power of the Gargery house rather than Joe himself, as he doesnt stop her from whatever she wants to do or say. All her interactions with Pip usually have a violent undertone- for example, before sending Pip off to Ms. Havishams house, she gives him a good scrubbing which is painful for Pip to say the least. She also meets a violent end when she is attacked by Orlick in chapter 15 and by chapter 16, she has lost her hearing, could hardly see and has become crippled. These are the things which are highlighted in the novel. What is not highlighted is that Mrs. Joe had to take care of the entire household after her parents died, had to live through the deaths of her five brothers and had to take care of a child who is twenty years younger than her. She also had to shoulder the household responsibilities and social interactions with others. These aspects of Mrs. Joe are not shown in the novel and in the end, she is rendered as a crippled woman who is taken care of Biddy. She finally passes away in Chapter 34, and in Chapter 35, she also turns into a ghostly existence which haunts the protagonist Pip as he makes his way to the funeral back to Joes forge and the rest of the novel with the theme of murder and violence. The other character which falls under this eccentric woman category is Molly, the murderess who tries to kill her own daughter. She is a docile and obedient servant of Mr. Jaggers, but she has an infamous past and is the birth-mother of Estella. She is saved from the gallows by Mr. Jaggers and lives with him as a servant. Not much is known about her criminal past and she is wrapped with an air of dangerous mystery. Holbrook describes Molly as, a woman with strong muscles concealed under petiteness and a woman capable of great cruelty and perhaps murder. She is the female annihilating figure Freud called the castrating mother (Holbrook, 1993. Chapter 5, Pg. 138) Though Molly is not given that much of an importance in the novel, she represents the theme of murder and guilt, which seems to contaminate every character in the novel- including Estella, who is the daughter of a murderess and a convict. Estella is the final entry in the eccentric woman category but she does not confine herself to just this category. Estella is also introduced in chapter 8 and she brings the light into Pips dark life. To stand in the dark in a mysterious passage of an unknown house, bawling Estella to a scornful young lady neither visible nor responsive, and feeling it a dreadful liberty so to roar out her name, was almost as bad as playing to order. But, she answered at last, and her light came along the dark passage like a star. Miss Havisham beckoned her to come close, and took up a jewel from the table, and tried its effect upon her fair young bosom and against her pretty brown hair. (Chapter 8, Pg. 103-104) She is compared with a star or a jewel throughout the novel and these symbolize Estella to be bright, precious and far out of reach. Though she is mean to Pip and shows only contempt and disdain for him, she still manages to entrance Pip with her cold demeanour and her beauty, much like how a seductress traps her victim with her charms. She is perceived to be cold-hearted and cruel, but she does display signs of emotion as seen in the scene where she allows Pip to kiss her cheek. But, she neither asked me where I had been, nor why I had kept her waiting; and there was a bright flush upon her face, as though something had happened to delight her. Instead of going straight to the gate, too, she stepped back into the passage, and beckoned me. Come here! You may kiss me, if you like. I kissed her cheek as she turned it to me. (Chapter 11, Pg. 162) What is interesting to note is that Estella is delighted by an act of violence, even before any thoughts of criminality is being associated with her. This could be foreshadowing or reiterating by Dickens to show Estellas roots- her criminal parents. By chapter 22, Herbert establishes Estellas purpose in life or the reason of her being brought up by Ms. Havisham and that is to break young mens hearts. Also, when Pip returns to the Satis house to see Estella once shes a grown woman in Chapter 29, she pretends she doesnt remember Pip or any of their childhood interactions which deeply hurt Pip. She also points out the spot where Pip had seen the ghost in his childhood. This is a conflicting behaviour of Estella and she probably did it to dig deep into the scars of Pip so that he may remember her more vividly as Pip becomes emotionally hurt when Estella pretends not to remember him. That scene is also important as it brings out more foreshadowing. According to Holbrook, this scene shows the implicit connection to Estella and her roots. The association between Estella and the ghost is ambiguous. In one sense, Pip is sensing her origins: her mother was the unknown murderess who wished to kill her own child. In the background too is her father Magwitch, the criminal, who believes his child to be dead. The shadow is of murder by the woman murderer and of the child by being abandoned (by rejecting the mother and father). (Holbrook, 1993. Chapter 5, Pg. 138) As Estella grows up, she remains in her role of being the object of desire and she makes other men jealous using Pip. As for Pip himself, she warns him multiple times that shes a cold-hearted person. This could be her manipulating him further or she might genuinely care about him- it is not clear. This ambiguity is attached to Estella till the chapter where Pip confesses his love for her. You ridiculous boy, said Estella, will you never take warning? Or do you kiss my hand in the same spirit in which I once let you kiss my cheek? What spirit was that? said I. I must think a moment. A spirit of contempt for the fawners and plotters. If I say yes, may I kiss the cheek again?' (Chapter 33, Pg. 475) When she rejects Pip, she does so with a cold demeanour. She does not express her emotions, which is how a Victorian woman should be, and it further accentuates how Dickens uses this trope for this scene in an ironic way. Even as a child, Estella possessed more emotion than when she grew up as she became unmoved by everything around her, including others feelings. Furthermore, she tells Pip that shes going to marry Drummle by her own decision, just to probably spite everyone, including Ms. Havisham. Only Pips pleas for her to not marry Drummle brings out a softer reaction in her. This eventually leads to Estella being abused by her husband and depending on the two endings, she either gets remarried and still unhappy or she ends up having a future with the possibility of marrying Pip. These two endings lead to drastically different fates for Estella. Dickens original ending shows Estella reformed by her suffering- shes remarried but she still holds herself in high regard and superiority. In the second ending, she is much more humbled and reformed by her suffering. John Forster, who was Dickens friend, felt the original ending was more consistent with the draft, as well as the natural working out of the tale.[1] George Bernard Shaw says that the novel is too serious a book to be a trivially happy one. Its beginning is unhappy; its middle is unhappy; and the conventional happy ending is an outrage on it.[2] Also, the second ending was constructed only to please the audience who wanted a conventional end to that novel with marriage. The second ending pleases the contemporary critics more as they feel that the two characters have suffered enough to finally get their happy ending. Martin Price argues by saying, Each is a fantasist who has grown into maturity; each is a fantasist that has dwindled into humanity.[3] But Estella also has a positive role, according to Holbrook. He says, she is the start of Pips ambitions and it is true, though it leads him to more pain and suffering than his apprenticed life with Joe and Biddy. But he finally learns his place in life and is content with what he has through this harrowing experience. He says, Yet, with his characteristic and marvellous belief in human creativity and vision, Dickens makes Estella an inspiration for Pip. Although she cannot yet understand, and seems untouched by, the reparative impulse (the caring impulse, which, through its suffering, can cure schizoid alienation), she gives Pips world meaning. She comes along the passages like a star: she is the Stella Maris. (Holbrook, 1993. Chapter 5, Pg. 140) Estella can also be looked at as a strong independent woman towards the end. She has suffered and in consequence, humbled herself and realises how to love (at least in the second ending). She is no longer a bright shining star whos out of reach but a strong independent woman who has gotten rid of her demons and living life anew. Dickens himself is not against women or empowering women as he was fairly sympathetic towards the idea of property rights, which was the heart of the issue during the 1850s. But that applied only to the working women and not the powerful women like Ms. Havisham. In Great Expectations, Ms. Havishams house is passed on to Estella, who is the adopted daughter, and it is hers to do with as she pleases. This is not the traditional primogeniture practice which is usually practiced during the Victorian Age and it is met with discomfort by Dickens. Deborah Wynne, in Women and Personal Property in the Victorian Novel, says when women do take control of significant amounts of property and its transmission, as Miss Havisham does, the destructive qualities of their legacies are usually emphasized. When forceful women of property, owners of real estate, create for themselves a space which is inaccessible to male control, such as Betsy Trotwood, Mrs. Clennam or Miss Havisham, it is shown to be vulnerable to loss or destruction, as though Dickens half believed what English law presumed: that women had a tendency to be ineffective managers of their own property (Wynne, 2010. Chapter 2, Pg. 58) He favoured the working women and women who were destitute like prisoners and prostitutes. He opened up a home for the fallen women called Urania cottage along with Miss Angela Burdett-Coutts. Jane Rogers, in Dickens and his involvement in Urania Cottage, says Miss Coutts and Dickens planned a Home that would offer a different and more sympathetic approach to the treatment of fallen women. Other organisations such as the Magdelen Society had homes which offered a typically harsh and punishing routine. (Rogers, 2003. Pg. 1) This Urania house was a reformation centre for these fallen women to regain a proper place in the Victorian society, which still oppressed women into traditional roles. According to Jenny Hartley, in Undertexts and Intertexts: The Women of Urania Cottage, Secrets and Little Dorrit, Dickens concerned himself with everything the women of the cottage did, including how they spend their time in the house. It is quite clear that though Dickens was very progressive in his thinking, when it came to women, he was still confined by society and its rules. Coupled with his bad experiences with women in real life, his fictional women characters came to represent what was hidden away in his mind- his fears and regrets and personal insecurities caused by the society and his relationships. By analysing the character sketches of the women of Great Expectations and Dickens personal life, it is clear that Dickens is very conflicted when it comes to the topic of women. He prefers certain kinds of women like Biddy, who are the working class and little angels of the house, and as for the other women, they are subjected to hardships and punishments for their transgressions. Though he didnt make his female characters as independent like Nora Roberts from A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen, his characters like Estella or Ms. Havisham still retain some part of being an independent woman, though it is obscured by their eccentricity. So, Dickens, in a sense, is a writer who is inhibited by his personal life which narrows his views on women. Otherwise, he is a progressive writer who acknowledges the social constraints caused by the society. Works Cited: Dickens, C. (1851). Great Expectations. 1st ed. [ebook] Planet PDF. Available at: http://www.planetpublish.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Great_Expectations_NT.pdf [Accessed 28 Dec. 2016]. Hartley, J. (2005). Critical Survey. 1st ed. [ebook] Berghahn Books, pp.63-76. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41556108.pdf [Accessed 4 Jan. 2017]. Holbrook, D. (1993). Charles Dickens and the image of woman. 1st ed. New York: New York University Press. Rogers, J. (2003). Dickens and his involvement in Urania Cottage. [online] Victorianweb.org. Available at: http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/rogers/8.html [Accessed 1 Jan. 2017]. Wynne, D. (2010). Women and personal property in the Victorian novel. 1st ed. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Pub. Academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu. (2017). The Ending of Great Expectations. [online] Available at: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_19c/dickens/ending.html [Accessed 3 Jan. 2017]. [1] All these three quotes are taken from The Ending of Great Expectations [2] [3]